Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/xolpъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Uncertain. Has been compared with Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌱𐍃 (halbs, “half”), if so then related to Proto-Slavic *xolkъ and *xolstъ. Alternatively akin to Lithuanian šel̃pti (“to help”) and Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐍀𐌰𐌽 (hilpan, “to help”). Has also been compared with Ancient Greek σκόλοψ (skólops, “pale, stake”), German Schalk (“joker, rogue”) and Lithuanian sil̃pti (“to weaken”).

Noun

*xolpъ m

1. bondman, serf, peasant

Inflection

Declension of *xolpъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*xolpъ	*xolpa	*xolpi
genitive	*xolpa	*xolpu	*xolpъ
dative	*xolpu	*xolpoma	*xolpomъ
accusative	*xolpъ	*xolpa	*xolpy
instrumental	*xolpъmь, *xolpomь*	*xolpoma	*xolpy
locative	*xolpě	*xolpu	*xolpěxъ
vocative	*xolpe	*xolpa	*xolpi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: холопъ (xolopŭ)
    • Belarusian: хало́п (xalóp)
    • Russian: холо́п (xolóp)
    • Ukrainian: холо́п (xolóp)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: хлапъ (xlapŭ)

  • ⇒ Bulgarian: хлапа́к (hlapák), хлапе́ (hlapé)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: хла̏п

    Latin script: hlȃp

  • Slovene: hlȃp (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: chlap, chłap (alternative writing)
    • Czech: chlap
  • Old Polish: chłop
    • Masurian: chłop
    • Polish: chłop
    • Silesian: chop, chłop (Southern Silesian)
  • Slovak: chlap
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: chłop
    • Slovincian: chlôp
  • Sorbian:

    ⇒ Lower Sorbian: kłopc

    Upper Sorbian: khłop

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Latvian: kаl̃рs

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “холо́п”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress