Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kańak

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

There have been a few theories on the derivation:

1. Clauson derives from a hypothetical *kań-, however such a verb is not attested.
2. Nişanyan instead suggests *kańa- (“to boil; to melt”) +‎ *-k.
3. Doerfer suggests a derivation from a hypothetical *kāyïn-, the passive of *kāy- (“to slide”), however this is unlikely on phonological grounds.

Noun

*kańak

1. cream, kaymak

Declension

Declension of *kańak

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kańak
Accusative	*kańaknï, *kańakïg 4), *kańaknïg 1)
Genitive	*kańaknïŋ
Dative	*kańakka
Locative	*kańakda
Ablative	*kańakdan
Allative	*kańakgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kańakïn
Equative 2)	*kańakča
Similative 2)	*kańaklayu
Comitative 2)	*kańaklïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Derived terms

• *kańaklan-

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Early Volga Bulgar: قَنَقْ (qanaq) (11th c.)
• Common Turkic:

• Arghu: قَنَقْ
  • Khalaj: qânaq, قاناق
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قَيَقْ (“qayaq”)
  • Chagatai: [script needed] (kaymak)
    • Uyghur: [script needed] (qaymaq)
    • Uzbek: qaymoq
• Kipchak: [script needed] (kaymak)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡаймаҡ (qaymaq)
    • Tatar: каймак (qaymaq)
    • → Chuvash: хӑйма (hăjma)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Kazakh: қаймақ (qaimaq)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: каймак (kaymak)
      • Southern Altai: каймак (kaymak)
• Oghuz: *kaymak
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: qaymaq
    • Ottoman Turkish: قایماق
      • Gagauz: kaymak
      • Turkish: kaymak
      • → Bulgarian: Каймак (Kajmak)
      • → English: kaymak
      • → French: Kajmak
      • → Macedonian: кајмак (kajmak)
      • → Persian: قیماق (qeymâq)
      • → Polish: kajmak
      • → Romanian: caimac
      • → Russian: каймак (kajmak)
      • → Serbo-Croatian: kajmak, кајмак
      • → Slovene: kajmak
  • Turkmen: gaýmak

References

• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I & III, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 383 & 167
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 636, 677
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, page 200
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kaymak”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 231