Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kagun

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

*qaɣun^[1]

Etymology

Perhaps borrowed from Tibetan ག་གོན (ga gon, “melon, gourd”),^[2] reduplicated borrowing from Old Mandarin 瓜 (kwa)^[3] (compare borrowings Tibetan གོན (gon, “pumpkin”), Nusu [Term?] (/⁠ɣɔ⁠/, “pumpkin”), Dzongkha གོན (gon, “cucumber”), Classical Mongolian ᠭᠤᠧ᠎ᠠ (ɣuē-a)), though this has been disputed^[1].

Noun

*kagun^[4]

melon, muskmelon, watermelon

Declension

Declension of *kagun
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kagun
accusative	kagunug, kagunnï¹⁾
genitive	*kagunnuŋ
dative	*kagunka
locative	*kagunta
ablative	*kaguntan
allative	*kagungaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kagunun
equative ²⁾	*kagunča
similative ²⁾	*kagunlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kagunlugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

Karakhanid:^[5]^[6]
Arabic script: كاغُونْ (kāğūn) [1072 CE, Kashgari I], [script needed] (kāwūn) [13th c., ibn Muhannā]

Old Uyghur: [script needed] (úağun /⁠kağun⁠/) [1070 CE, Kutadgu Bilig]
- Chagatai: قاغون (qağun), قوغون (qoğun)^[7]
  - Uzbek: qovun
    - → Tajik: қавун (qavun)
  - Uyghur: قوغۇن (qoghun, “Hami melon”)
Kipchak:
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: коон (koon)
    - → Burushaski:
      Hunza: ġoón
      
      Yasin: ġaún
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡауын (qawın)
  - Tatar: кавын (qawın)
    Western Tatar: кавын (qawın, “muskmelon”)
- South Kipchak:
  - Karakalpak: қауын (qawın)
  - Kazakh: қауын (qauyn)
  - Nogai: кавын (kavın)
- West Kipchak: qavun [14th c., Abū Ḥayyān]^[1]
  - Crimean Tatar: (“muskmelon”)
    Cyrillic script: къавн
    
    Latin script: qavn
  - Karaim: kavun (Lodz-Galician)
  - Karachay-Balkar: хауун (xauun)
  - Kumyk: къавун (qawun)
  - → Chuvash: кавӑн (kavăn, “pumpkin, squash”)
  - → Turkish: kavun (“muskmelon”)
  - Urum: хавун (havun)
Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [script needed] (kāwun) [13th c.], [script needed] (kawun) [14th c.], [script needed] (kowun) [15th c.]^[5]
  - Azerbaijani:
    Afashari: qawun, qaụn, qaụ̄n
    
    Azerbaijani: qovun
    
    Firuzabadi: ğowu·n
    
    Qalaye Farhad-Xani: ğa̬wn
    
    Qorwai: ğaun
    
    Sonqori: ğown
    
    Tabriz: qohun
  - Gagauz: kaun (“muskmelon”)
  - Ottoman Turkish: قاون (kavun)
    - Turkish: kavun
    - → Arabic: قَاوُون (qāwūn, “bitter melon, cantaloupe”)
      - Kurdish:
        → Northern Kurdish: qawin, qawûn
    - → Georgian: ყავუნი (q̇avuni) — Chveneburi
    - → Laz: კავონი (ǩavoni)
    - → Ukrainian: каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”) (or possibly from Tatar)
      - → Belarusian: каву́н (kavún)
      - → Polish: kawon
      - → Yiddish: קאַווענע (kavene)
- Turkmen: gawun
  - → Shina: [script needed] (gawún)
- Salar: qoğun
Siberian Turkic:
- Old Uyghur: (/⁠*qağun⁠/, “watermelon”)^[5]
  Han script: [Term?] [14th c., Chin.-Uyğ. Dict.]
  
  unspecified script: [8th c., Bud.]
  - Western Yugur:^[4]
    Dahei: qʰuwïn
    
    Western Yugur: qɔïn, quïn, qɔn, qun, qawïn, qawun
    - → East Yugur: ġūn
  - → Late Middle Mongol: (/⁠*qawun⁠/, “melon, muskmelon”)
    Han script: 合溫 (qɔ̌-un) [1389 CE, Hua Yi yiyu]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 139
^ Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157
^ Uray, G. (1954) “Duplication, gemination, and triplication in Tibetan”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 4, number 1/3, →JSTOR
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Nugteren, Hans, Ross, Marti (1996) “Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 49, number 1/2, Akadémiai Kiadó, →JSTOR
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ka:ğu:n”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page ğu:n
^
^{The template Template:R:otk:DTS does not use the parameter(s): 2=406
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “qaγun”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka
^ Schluessel, Eric (2015) “melon”, in Digital glossary of Eastern Turki‎^[1]

[SIGTYA-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Nauka, page 139

[2] Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 157

[3] Uray, G. (1954) “Duplication, gemination, and triplication in Tibetan”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 4, number 1/3, →JSTOR

[Nugteren-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Nugteren, Hans, Ross, Marti (1996) “Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords”, in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, volume 49, number 1/2, Akadémiai Kiadó, →JSTOR

[Clauson-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Clauson, Gerard (1972) “ka:ğu:n”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page ğu:n

[6] {The template Template:R:otk:DTS does not use the parameter(s): 2=406
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “qaγun”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka

[7] Schluessel, Eric (2015) “melon”, in Digital glossary of Eastern Turki‎^[1]

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