Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ok

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Unknown. Perhaps onomatopoeic, imitative of the landing sound of an arrow.

Clauson states that, owing to the supposed ceremonial and ritual uses of arrows in Turkic cultures, the word for arrow may have influenced *ōk (“kin, sub-tribe, clan”) and *ōk (“shared inheritance”).

According to Räsänen, this word may be related to Finnish oka (“thorn”) and Hungarian fok (“back of an ax or knife, eye of a needle/ax, peak”).

Compared to Mongolian орой (oroj, “top, tip, edge”) and two other unattested forms from Tungusic and Japonic languages by Altaicists by giving a tentative **ŏ̀ḱà as the ultimate origin. However, the source itself is doubtful on the etymology it presents as a result of lackluster presence of this supposed root in other "branches".

Noun

*ok

1. arrow, shaft
2. (Common Turkic) axle, rolling-pin

Coordinate terms

• *yā(y) (“bow”)

Declension

Declension of *ok

	singular 3)
nominative	*ok
accusative	*okug, *oknï1)
genitive	*oknuŋ
dative	*okka
locative	*okda
ablative	*okdan
allative	*okgaru
instrumental 2)	*okun
equative 2)	*okča
similative 2)	*oklayu
comitative 2)	*oklugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

• Oghur: *ōχ
  • Proto-Bulgar: *āχ
    • Middle Chuvash: *åχă
      • Anatri Chuvash: ухӑ (uh̬ă, “bow, arrow”)
      • Viryal Chuvash: охӑ (oh̬ă, “bow”)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: اوق (oq), اوخ (oḫ)
    • Azerbaijani: ox
    • Gagauz: ok
    • Ottoman Turkish: اوق (ok)
      • Turkish: ok
      • → Armenian: օխ (ōx)
  • Turkmen: ok
  • Salar: oq
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: اُق (ok)
    • Uyghur: ئوق (oq)
    • Uzbek: oʻq, ўк (oʻk)
• Kipchak:
  • Kipchak-Bulgar:
    • Bashkir: уҡ (uq)
    • Tatar: ук (uq)
  • Kipchak-Cuman:
    • Crimean Tatar: oq
    • Kumyk: окъ (oq)
    • Karaim: ок (oq)
  • Kipchak-Nogai:
    • • Kazakh: оқ (oq)
      • Nogai: ок (ok)
      • Karakalpak: oq
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: ок (ok)
      • Southern Altai: ок (ok)
• Siberian Turkic:
  • Orkhon Turkic: 𐰸 (q̊¹ /⁠ok⁠/)
  • Old Kirghiz: 𐰹 (q̊¹ /⁠ok⁠/)
  • Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽳𐽲 (ʾwq /⁠ok⁠/, “arrow, hand of a sundial”)
    • Western Yugur: ohq (oʰq)
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: ох (oq)
  • South Siberian:
    • Yenisei:
      • Khakas: ух (ux)
      • Shor: ух (oq)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “(1) ok”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 76
• Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), “OQ (I)”, in Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, pages 368-369
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 359
• Sevortjan, E. V. (1974) “(I) ОҚ/OQ”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 1, Moscow: Nauka, page 437
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ok”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tietze, Andreas (2002, 2009) “oh (II), oh (III)”, in Tarihi ve Etimolojik Türkiye Türkçesi Lügati [Historical and Etymological Dictionary of Turkish] (in Turkish), volume 6, Istanbul, Vienna, pages 121-122