Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yā

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Noun

*yā

1. (weaponry) bow

Declension

Declension of *yā

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yā
Accusative	*yānï, *yāg 4), *yānïg 1)
Genitive	*yānïŋ
Dative	*yāka
Locative	*yāda
Ablative	*yādan
Allative	*yāgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yān
Equative 2)	*yāča
Similative 2)	*yālayu
Comitative 2)	*yālïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur
  • ⇒ Chuvash: укҫу (ukśu) (< *ok (“arrow”) + *yā ("bow"))
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: yay
    • Ottoman Turkish: یای (yay)
      • Gagauz: yay
      • Turkish: yay
  • Turkmen: ýāý
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: یا (ya)
    • Uzbek: yoy
    • Uyghur: يا (ya)
• Kipchak:
  • North Kipchak:
    • Tatar: җәйә (cäyä)
    • Bashkir: йәйә (yəyə)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: yay
    • Kumyk: жая (jaya)
    • Karachay-Balkar: джая (caya)
    • Karaim: йай, йаа, йайа
    • Krymchak: йай
  • South Kipchak:
    • Kazakh: жай (jai)
    • Karakalpak: jay
    • Nogai: яй (yay)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: јаа (ǰaa)
    • Kyrgyz: жаа (jaa)
• Siberian:
  • North Siberian
    • Yakut: саа (saa, “rifle”)
      • Dolgan: һаа (“rifle”)
  • South Siberian
    • Western Yugur: ya (“arrow”)
    • Yenisei Turkic
      • Khakas: чааӌах (çaacax)
      • Shor: чачақ (čačaq)
    • Sayan Turkic
      • Tofa: чаа
      • Tuvan: ча (ça)
    • Northern Altai: дьа (dʹa)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 869
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1975) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 21)‎^[1] (in German), volume IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 524
• Sevortjan, E. V., Levitskaja, L. S. (1989) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 74-75
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 570
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jā(j)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[2], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tekin, Talât (1995) Türk Dillerinde Birincil Uzun Ünlüler [Primary Long Vowels in Turkic Languages] (Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları Dizisi; 13)‎^[3], Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı, →ISBN, page 175

Coordinate terms

• *ok (“arrow”)