Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/tẹ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Mongolic *te (“that”), Proto-Tungusic *ta- (“that”), Proto-Uralic *tä (“that”). Compare also modern Mongolian тэр (ter) and Evenki тар (tar). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Some of the descendants point to a derivation *tẹ +‎ *-ki. The reasoning for rounding in some forms is uncertain.

Pronoun

*tẹ

that
Synonym: *ol (“he, she, it; that”)

Declension

Declension of *tẹ (pronominal-n declension)

	Singular
Nominative	*tẹ
Accusative	*tẹni
Genitive	*tẹniŋ
Dative	*tẹŋe
Locative	*tẹnte
Ablative	*tẹnten
Allative ¹⁾	*tẹŋerü
Instrumental ¹⁾	*tẹn
Equative ¹⁾	*tẹnče
Similative ¹⁾	*tẹnleyü
Comitative ¹⁾	*tẹnligü

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: те (te)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- West Oghuz:
  - Gagauz: te bu (“this there”), te o (“that there”)
- East Oghuz:
  - Salar: düğü, tüü
  - Turkmen: şütki, şütüki, bitiki
Kipchak:
- - Cuman: [script needed] (tigi)
  - North Kipchak:
    - Bashkir: теге (tege)
  - South Kipchak:
    - Kazakh: [script needed] (tigi) (dialectal)
    - East Kipchak:
      - Kyrgyz: тиги (tigi)
      - Southern Altai: тиги (tigi), ту (tu)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: ити (iti)
  - Yakut: ити (iti)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: тээ (tee)
    - Tuvan: дөө (döö)
  - Yeniseian Turkic:
    - Khakas: теге (tege, “so, thus”)

References

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ti-(kü)”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 479