Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/yāŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative reconstructions

• *ńāŕ

Noun

*yāŕ

1. summer, spring

Declension

Declension of *yāŕ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*yāŕ
Accusative	*yāŕnï, *yāŕïg 4), *yāŕnïg 1)
Genitive	*yāŕnïŋ
Dative	*yāŕka
Locative	*yāŕta
Ablative	*yāŕtan
Allative	*yāŕgaru
Instrumental 2)	*yāŕïn
Equative 2)	*yāŕča
Similative 2)	*yāŕlayu
Comitative 2)	*yāŕlïgu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • Chuvash: ҫур (śur)
  • →? Hungarian: nyár
• Common Turkic: *yāz

• Arghu:
  • Khalaj: yâaz
• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish: یاز‎
    • Azerbaijani: yaz
    • Ottoman Turkish: یاز‎ (yaz)
      • Gagauz: yaz
      • Turkish: yaz
      • → Laz: ჲაზი (yazi)
  • Salar: [script needed] (jaz)
  • Turkmen: ýaz
• Kipchak:
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: yaz
    • Karachay-Balkar: джаз (caz)
    • Kumyk: яз (yaz)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: яҙ (yað)
    • Tatar: yaz
  • South Kipchak:
    • Karakalpak: жаз (žaz)
    • Kazakh: жаз (jaz)
    • Nogai: яз (yaz)
  • East Kipchak:
    • Kyrgyz: жаз (jaz)
    • Southern Altai: јас (ǰas)
• Karluk:
  • Uzbek: yoz
  • Uyghur: ياز‎ (yaz)
• Siberian:
  • Old Turkic:
    • Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰔‎ (yaz)
  • North Siberian:
    • Dolgan: [script needed] (hās)
    • Yakut: саас (saas)
  • South Siberian:
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: [script needed] (čaš)
      • Tuvan: час (ças)
    • Yenisei Turkic:
      • Khakas: часхы (çasxı)
      • Shor: часқы (çasqı)
      • Western Yugur: yaz

See also

Seasons in Proto-Turkic (layout · text) · category
*yāŕ (“spring”) *yāy (“spring”)	*yāŕ (“summer”) *yāy (“summer”)	*kǖŕ (“autumn”)	*kïĺ (“winter”)

References

• Clauson, Gerard (1972), “*ya:z (ñ-)”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 982
• Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*jāŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill