Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/rafsijan

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

• *rafisijan, *rafisōn
• *rabsijan, *rabsōn

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *rafsijaną.

Verb

*rafsijan

1. to reproach
2. to blame

Inflection

Class 1 weak
Infinitive	*rafsijan
1st sg. past	*rafsidā
Infinitive	*rafsijan
Genitive infin.	*rafsijannjas
Dative infin.	*rafsijannjē
Instrum. infin.	*rafsijannju
Indicative	Present	Past
1st singular	*rafsiju	*rafsidā
2nd singular	*rafsisi	*rafsidēs, *rafsidōs
3rd singular	*rafsiþi	*rafsidē, *rafsidā
1st plural	*rafsijum	*rafsidum
2nd plural	*rafsiþ	*rafsidud
3rd plural	*rafsijanþ	*rafsidun
Subjunctive	Present	Past
1st singular	*rafsijē	*rafsidī
2nd singular	*rafsijēs	*rafsidī
3rd singular	*rafsijē	*rafsidī
1st plural	*rafsijēm	*rafsidīm
2nd plural	*rafsijēþ	*rafsidīd
3rd plural	*rafsijēn	*rafsidīn
Imperative	Present
Singular	*rafsi
Plural	*rafsiþ
	Present	Past
Participle	*rafsijandī	*rafsid

Derived terms

• *berafsijan
  • Old Frisian: birespa, *birepsa
    • West Frisian: berispje
  • Old Saxon: *biripsian
    • Middle Low German: berepsen, berispen
      • Low German: berispen
  • Old High German: birefsen
    • Middle High German: berefsen, berespen

Descendants

• Old English: refsan, ræpsan, ræfsan, repsan
• Old Frisian: *repsa, respa, *respja
  • West Frisian: rispje
• Old Saxon: repsian, ripsōn
  • Middle Low German: *rispen
    • Low German: rispen
• Old Dutch: respen, *repsen
  • Middle Dutch: *respen
    • ⇒ Middle Dutch: berepsen, berespen, berispen
      • Dutch: berispen
        • Afrikaans: berispe
      • → English: berisp
• Old High German: rafsjan, refsen, repsen, respen
  • Middle High German: refsen, respen