User:Mårtensås/Innovations
Gothic | Old Norse | Old English | Old Frisian | Old Saxon | Old Dutch | Old Central German |
Old Upper German | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holtzmann's law sharpening | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No |
*ē₁ > *ā | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
*z > *ʀ | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
*-ai > *-ē | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
*-ō > *-u | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
a-umlaut | No | Most dialects[1] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
i-umlaut | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Loss of intervocalic *-h- | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Developing | Yes | Developing | No |
Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law | No | Only before s[2] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Rare | No | No |
Lengthening of vowel before *-z in single-syllable words | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Dative plural *-um(ʀ) in all noun stems | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Generalization of the accusative in n-stems for all oblique cases | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No | No | No |
Palatalisation of velars | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | No | No | No |
Peculiar conjugation of *wesaną (2nd sg *eʀt, 3rd sg *is, 3rd pl *eʀun) | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Suppletive *beuną in present of *wesaną | No | No | Partial[3] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Loss of unstressed *-z | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Unrounding of front rounded vowels | No | No | ø but not y | Yes | No | Southwestern | No | No |
Class II weak verb ending *-(ō)ja- | No | No | Yes | Yes | Sometimes | No | No | No |
Merging of plural forms of verbs | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No |
Loss of the reflexive pronoun | No | No | Yes | Yes | Most dialects | Most dialects | No | No |
Reduction of weak class III to four relics | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Loss of final *-z in single-syllable words | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Monophthongization of *ai, *au | Unclear | Partial, dialectal[4] | Yes | Yes | Yes | Usually | Partial | Partial |
Diphthongization of *ē, *ō | No | No | No | No | Rare | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Final-obstruent devoicing | Only fricatives | No | No | No | No | Yes | Developing | No |
Loss of initial *h- before consonant | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Developing |
Loss of initial *w- before consonant | No | In the west | No | No | No | No | Most dialects | Yes |
High German consonant shift | No | No | No | No | No | No | Partial | Yes |
- ^ Totally absent from Gutnish, not universally in Swedish and Danish.
- ^ *ansuz > *ᚨᛊᚢᛉ (*asuʀ /ą̄suʀ/) > ǫ́ss; *gans > gás
- ^ The two are kept separate.
- ^ Throughout all North Germanic before *r and *h, but complete in the east, where it is attested already in the 6th century on the Stentoften and Björketorp stones.