User:Vorziblix/sandbox/Carib
Orthographic differences
editRepresentations of non-phonemic segments are enclosed in parentheses. Sounds that are represented identically to their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet practically everywhere they appear have been left out (m, n, p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, l, a, e, i, o, u, etc.).
language | code | phone/phoneme | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ə | ɨ | aː | ã | ʔ | h | ɸ/hʷ | ʁ/ɣ | ɾ/ɽ | β/w | j | ʃ | ʒ | tʃ | dʒ/ɟ | ɲ | ŋ | other | ||
Proto-Cariban[1] | sai-car-pro | ô | ɨ | r | w | j | |||||||||||||
Apalaí[2] | apy | y | ã | h | r | w | j | x | |||||||||||
Kari'na[3] | car | y | (a) | ◌̀ | (◌̀) | r | w | j | (s) | (n) | (n) | ||||||||
Akurio | ako | ë | ï | aa | h | r | w | y | ty | ||||||||||
Carijona[4] | cbd | ë | ï | h | r | w | y | (č) | (ǰ) | ñ | |||||||||
Trió[5][6] | tri | ë | ï | a, aa | h | hp | (k) | r | w | j | (s) | (s) | (nj) | (n) | |||||
Wayana[7][8][9] | way | ë | ï | h | l | w | j | (h) | |||||||||||
Kuikúro[10] | kui/mzo | ü | ã | h | g | w | j | nh | ng | /ts/: ts | |||||||||
Hixkaryana[11][12][13] | hix | à | (a) | h | f | r | w | y | x | tx | dy | ny | /ɺ/: ry | ||||||
Kaxuyana* | kbb/sik | ï | ' | h | r | w | y | tx | |||||||||||
Waiwai A[14] | waw | ï | a | h | p | r | w | y | š | č | ñ | /ɺ/: ř | |||||||
Waiwai B[15] | waw | î | aa | h | p | r | w | y | x | c | n̂ | /ɺ/: r̂ | |||||||
Bakairí[16][17] | bkq | â | y | an, am | ' | h | r | w | i | x | (j) | /iṽ/: nhVn; /g/: g, gu | |||||||
Ikpeng[18] | txi | ï | (p) | r | w | y | (tx) | tx | ng | ||||||||||
Pará Arára[19][20] | aap | y | h | r | w | j | tx | ng | /ʙ̥/: ??? | ||||||||||
Mapoyo/Pémono/Yabarana[21] | mcg/yar/pev | ë | ï | a: | ʔ | h | r | w | y | (š) | (tš) | ñ | ([ts]: s, [x]: x) | ||||||
Panare[22] | pbh | ë | ï | aa | ' | j | r | w | y | ch | ñ | n | |||||||
Akawaio[23][24] | ake | ö | ï | (') | r | w | y | (sh) | (j) | (ch) | (j) | (ñ) | (ng) | ||||||
Makushi[25][26] | mbc | î | aa | ' | r | w | y | (s) | (s) | (n) | (n) | ([ð]: y) | |||||||
Pemon[27][28] | aoc | ö | ü | (a) | ', k[29] | r | w | y | (ch) | (ñ) | |||||||||
Waimiri-Atroari[30] | atr | y | aa | ' | h | r | w | i | x | tx | dj | nj | |||||||
Ye’kwana[31] | mch | ö | ü | aa | ' | j | (j) | d | w | y | sh | ch | ñ | n', (n) | /ç/: j, jh | ||||
Japrería[32] | jru | ü | aa | (') | h | ŕ | r | v | y | sh | ch | ||||||||
Yukpa[33][34] | yup | ü | h | r | v | y | sh | ch | (y) |
* No writing system found; the given representations for the asterisked languages are ad hoc proposals for Wiktionary use based on related languages alone.
Many of these languages have several writing systems in use; the references indicate the source of the orthographies given. (Where multiple references are given priority is given to the earliest.)
See also the South American Phonological Inventory Database.
Reorganization
edit(for planning the organization of the Cariban languages) complete
- left:
currentold status (flat) - middle: for my own reference (with broad-consensus families, and listed in order following a continuum of related languages)
- right: the same, but alphabetized as per usual Wiktionary custom
* {{desc|ake|}} * {{desc|ako|}} * {{desc|apy|}} * {{desc|bkq|}} * {{desc|cbd|}} * {{desc|ciy|}} * {{desc|car|}} * {{desc|hix|}} * {{desc|txi|}} * {{desc|jru|}} * {{desc|kbb|}} * {{desc|kui|}} * {{desc|mbc|}} * {{desc|mcg|}} * {{desc|mch|}} * {{desc|mzo|}} * {{desc|sai-opo|}} * {{desc|pbh|}} * {{desc|aap|}} * {{desc|pbc|}} * {{desc|aoc|}} * {{desc|pev|}} * {{desc|sai-pur|}} * {{desc|slj|}} * {{desc|sai-sap|}} * {{desc|sik|}} * {{desc|tmz|}} * {{desc|tri|}} * {{desc|atr|}} * {{desc|waw|}} * {{desc|way|}} * {{desc|sai-way|}} * {{desc|yar|}} * {{desc|sai-yao|}} * {{desc|sai-yar|}} * {{desc|yup|}}
* Parukotoan: ** {{desc|kbb|}} ** {{desc|hix|}} ** {{desc|waw|}} * Guianan: ** {{desc|car|}} ** Taranoan: *** {{desc|cbd|}} *** {{desc|ako|}} *** {{desc|tri|}} ** {{desc|way|}} ** {{desc|apy|}} * {{desc|mch|}} * {{desc|sai-way|}} * Venezuelan Cariban: ** Mapoyan: *** {{desc|mcg|}} *** {{desc|yar|}} *** {{desc|pev|}} ** {{desc|ciy|}} ** {{desc|tmz|}} ** {{desc|sai-yao|}} ** {{desc|pbh|}} ** Pemongan: *** {{desc|aoc|}} *** {{desc|ake|}} *** {{desc|pbc|}} *** {{desc|mbc|}} *** {{desc|sai-pur|}} * {{desc|sai-sap|}} * {{desc|atr|}} * Pekodian: ** {{desc|aap|}} ** {{desc|txi|}} ** {{desc|sai-yar|}} ** {{desc|bkq|}} * Kuikuroan: ** {{desc|kui|}} ** {{desc|mzo|}} * Yukpan: ** {{desc|jru|}} ** {{desc|yup|}} * {{desc|sai-opo|}}
* Guianan: ** {{desc|apy|}} ** {{desc|car|}} ** Taranoan: *** {{desc|ako|}} *** {{desc|cbd|}} *** {{desc|tri|}} ** {{desc|way|}} * Kuikuroan: ** {{desc|kui|}} ** {{desc|mzo|}} * {{desc|sai-opo|}} * Parukotoan: ** {{desc|hix|}} ** {{desc|kbb|}} ** {{desc|waw|}} * Pekodian: ** {{desc|bkq|}} ** {{desc|txi|}} ** {{desc|aap|}} ** {{desc|sai-yar|}} * {{desc|sai-sap|}} * Venezuelan Cariban: ** {{desc|ciy|}} ** Mapoyan: *** {{desc|mcg|}} *** {{desc|pev|}} *** {{desc|yar|}} ** {{desc|pbh|}} ** Pemongan: *** {{desc|ake|}} *** {{desc|mbc|}} *** {{desc|pbc|}} *** {{desc|aoc|}} *** {{desc|sai-pur|}} ** {{desc|tmz|}} ** {{desc|sai-yao|}} * {{desc|atr|}} * {{desc|sai-way|}} * {{desc|mch|}} * Yukpan: ** {{desc|jru|}} ** {{desc|yup|}}
Not included:
- Sikiana
sik
, which is the only surviving dialect ofkbb
and probably shouldn’t have a separate code of its own - Coyaima
coy
is apparently no longer believed to be a Cariban language (assuming we mean the same by it as this Wikipedia page) - Saluma
slj
or Charúma is apparently identical to Waiwaiwaw
: see Glottolog.
Whether there’s enough of a distinction between mcg
, yar
, and pev
to warrant their own codes is also questionable. (But there does seem to be some difference: see Mattei Muller, Marie-Claude (2003) “Pémono: eslabón perdido entre mapoyo y yawarana” in Amerindia no. 28, pages 33-54.) Same question for kui
and mzo
.
Yukpa yup
, on the other hand, seems to consist of several wildly different dialects that might better be considered separate languages.
Oddly, we also have Cumanagoto cuo
listed as belonging to the Chapacuran family rather than Cariban. Are there two different languages with this name, given that the Cariban one is supposedly a synonym for Chayma ciy
? (If so, the Cumanagoto entry at tuna should be deleted; we already have it under the Chayma header.)
Families added in the above structure:
- Guianan
- Taranoan (cf. Appendix:Proto-Taranoan reconstructions)
- Kuikuroan
- Parukotoan
- Pekodian
- Venezuelan Cariban
- Mapoyan
- Pemongan
- Yukpan
New (current) tree
edit- Cariban (sai-car)
- Proto-Cariban (sai-car-pro)
- ├──── Coyaima (coy)
- ├───┬ Guianan (sai-gui)
- │ ├──── Apalaí (apy)
- │ ├──── Kari'na (car)
- │ ├───┬ Taranoan (sai-tar)
- │ │ │ Proto-Taranoan (sai-tar-pro)
- │ │ ├──── Akurio (ako)
- │ │ ├──── Carijona (cbd)
- │ │ └───┬ Trió (tri)
- │ │ └──── Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin (njt)
- │ └──── Wayana (way)
- ├───┬ Kuikuroan (sai-kui)
- │ ├──── Kuikúro (kui)
- │ └──── Matipuhy (mzo)
- ├──── Opón (sai-opo)
- ├───┬ Parukotoan (sai-prk)
- │ ├──── Hixkaryana (hix)
- │ ├──── Kaxuyana (kbb)
- │ ├──── Salumá (slj)
- │ ├──── Sikiana (sik)
- │ └──── Waiwai (waw)
- ├───┬ Pekodian (sai-pek)
- │ ├──── Bakairí (bkq)
- │ ├──── Ikpeng (txi)
- │ ├──── Pará Arára (aap)
- │ └──── Yarumá (sai-yar)
- ├──── Sapará (sai-sap)
- ├───┬ Venezuelan Cariban (sai-ven)
- │ ├──── Chaima (ciy)
- │ ├───┬ Mapoyan (sai-map)
- │ │ ├──── Mapoyo (mcg)
- │ │ ├──── Pémono (pev)
- │ │ └──── Yabarana (yar)
- │ ├──── Panare (pbh)
- │ ├───┬ Pemongan (sai-pem)
- │ │ ├──── Akawaio (ake)
- │ │ ├──── Macushi (mbc)
- │ │ ├──── Patamona (pbc)
- │ │ ├──── Pemon (aoc)
- │ │ └──── Purukotó (sai-pur)
- │ ├──── Tamanaku (tmz)
- │ └──── Yao (South America) (sai-yao)
- ├──── Waimiri-Atroari (atr)
- ├──── Wayumara (sai-way)
- ├──── Ye'kwana (mch)
- └───┬ Yukpan (sai-yuk)
- ├──── Japrería (jru)
- └──── Yukpa (yup)
Possible languages we’re missing
edit- Palmela language
- Tiverikoto language (see User:Vorziblix/Tiverikoto)
- Paravilyana language
- Pawishiana language
- Boanarí language
- Apingi language
- Juma language (Carib)
- Parirí, another Pekodian language closely related to the preceding two
- Pimenteira language
- Wanai, supposedly a Mapoyan language/dialect per Gildea (2012)
All are poorly attested. Best not bother with them just now?
References
edit- ^ Gildea, Spike (2012) “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family” in Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, pages 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
- ^ Koehn, Sally (2018) Aparai–Portuguese Dictionary. Webonary.org. SIL International. Accessed 11 April 2022 from [1].
- ^ Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary.
- ^ Robayo, Camilo (1989) “En faisant une rame: texte carijona” in Amerindia, number 14.
- ^ Carlin, Eithne B. (2004) A Grammar of Trio: a Cariban language of Suriname.
- ^ Grotti, Vanessa (2022) “A Note on the Orthography of Trio and Wayana” in Nurturing the Other: First Contacts and the Making of Christian Bodies in Amazonia.
- ^ Tavares, Petronila da Silva (2006) A grammar of Wayana.
- ^ Eliane Camargo, Tapinkili, et al. (2010) Hakëne omijau eitop wajana-palasisi: Dictionnaire bilingue wayana-français.
- ^ Grotti, Vanessa (2022) “A Note on the Orthography of Trio and Wayana” in Nurturing the Other: First Contacts and the Making of Christian Bodies in Amazonia.
- ^ Bruna Franchetto, Carlos Fausto, Ájahi Kuikuro & Jamalui Kuikuro Mehinaku (2017) “Kuikuro” in Kristine Stenzel & Bruna Franchetto (eds.), On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia, pages 23–87. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1008774
- ^ Lucas, Maria Luísa (2014) Antes a gente tinha vindo do jabuti: notas etnográficas sobre algumas transformações entre os Hixkaryana no rio Nhamundá .
- ^ Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1965) Textos Hixkaryâna.
- ^ Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1985) Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology. Note that in this work Derbyshire uses ɨ instead of à, a convention also found in other linguistic works but apparently not used by the indigenous community itself.
- ^ Hawkins, W. Neill (1962) A morfologia do substantivo na língua Uaiuai.
- ^ Hawkins, Robert (1998) “Wai Wai” in Desmond Derbyshire and Geoffrey Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Vol. 4, pp. 25-224. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 148 et seqq.
- ^ Pinto De Faria Junior, G. (2022) A Grammar of the Bakairi Language, page 16.
- ^ Millicent R. Liccardi and Elizabeth L. Camp (2012) Kytanwem Tâdâsenomedâdo Kâintainhoem: Para Nós Lermos Na Nossa Língua
- ^ Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (1997) Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng
- ^ Ferreira Alves, Ana Carolina (2017) Morfofonologia, morfossintaxe e o sistema de tempo, aspecto e modo em Arara (Karib), page 37.
- ^ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010) A Phonological Description of “Pet Talk” in Arara.
- ^ Mattei Muller, Marie-Claude (2003) “Pémono: eslabón perdido entre mapoyo y yawarana” in Amerindia no. 28, pages 33-54.
- ^ Payne, Thomas E and Payne, Doris L. (2012) A Typological Grammar of Panare: A Cariban Language of Venezuela, pages 41 et seqq.
- ^ Gildea, Spike and Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2006) “Clause linking in Akawaio (Cariban)”
- ^ Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2003) Zauro'nödok Agawayo Yau: variants of Akawaio spoken at Waramadong.
- ^ Abbott, Miriam (1991) “Macushi” in Desmond Derbyshire and Geoffrey Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian Languages, volume 3, pages 23–160. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
- ^ Carson, Neusa (1981) Phonology and Morphosyntax of Macuxi (Carib). PhD dissertation, University of Kansas.
- ^ García Ferrer, Donaldo J. (2008) Diccionario piloto pemón-español.
- ^ Pérez, Ricardo Delgado. Guia del idioma pemon.
- ^ k word-finally, ' everywhere else
- ^ Bruno, Ana Carla (2003) Waimiri Atroari grammar: Some phonological, morphological, and syntactic aspects.
- ^ Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon
- ^ Oquendo, Luís (2004) “La vibrant uvular y la approximate labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica” in Opción 20(45): 60-74.
- ^ Oquendo, Luís (2004) “La vibrant uvular y la approximate labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica” in Opción 20(45): 60-74.
- ^ Meira, Sérgio (2005) “Primeras observaciones sobre la lengua yukpa”.