Wiktionary

User:Vorziblix/sandbox/Carib

< User:Vorziblix‎ | sandbox

Orthographic differences edit

Representations of non-phonemic segments are enclosed in parentheses. Sounds that are represented identically to their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet practically everywhere they appear have been left out (m, n, p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z, l, a, e, i, o, u, etc.).

language code phone/phoneme
ə ɨ aː ã ʔ h ɸ/hʷ ʁ/ɣ ɾ/ɽ β/w j ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ/ɟ ɲ ŋ other
Proto-Cariban[1] sai-car-pro ô ɨ r w j
Apalaí[2] apy y ã h r w j x
Kari'na[3] car y (a) ◌̀ (◌̀) r w j (s) (n) (n)
Akurio ako ë ï aa h r w y ty
Carijona[4] cbd ë ï h r w y (č) (ǰ) ñ
Trió[5][6] tri ë ï a, aa h hp (k) r w j (s) (s) (nj) (n)
Wayana[7][8][9] way ë ï h l w j (h)
Kuikúro[10] kui/mzo ü ã h g w j nh ng /ts/: ts
Hixkaryana[11][12][13] hix à (a) h f r w y x tx dy ny /ɺ/: ry
Kaxuyana* kbb/sik ï ' h r w y tx
Waiwai A[14] waw ï a h p r w y š č ñ /ɺ/: ř
Waiwai B[15] waw î aa h p r w y x c n̂ /ɺ/: r̂
Bakairí[16][17] bkq â y an, am ' h r w i x (j) /iṽ/: nhVn; /g/: g, gu
Ikpeng[18] txi ï (p) r w y (tx) tx ng
Pará Arára[19][20] aap y h r w j tx ng /ʙ̥/: ???
Mapoyo/Pémono/Yabarana[21] mcg/yar/pev ë ï a: ʔ h r w y (š) (tš) ñ ([ts]: s, [x]: x)
Panare[22] pbh ë ï aa ' j r w y ch ñ n
Akawaio[23][24] ake ö ï (') r w y (sh) (j) (ch) (j) (ñ) (ng)
Makushi[25][26] mbc î aa ' r w y (s) (s) (n) (n) ([ð]: y)
Pemon[27][28] aoc ö ü (a) ', k[29] r w y (ch) (ñ)
Waimiri-Atroari[30] atr y aa ' h r w i x tx dj nj
Ye’kwana[31] mch ö ü aa ' j (j) d w y sh ch ñ n', (n) /ç/: j, jh
Japrería[32] jru ü aa (') h ŕ r v y sh ch
Yukpa[33][34] yup ü h r v y sh ch (y)

* No writing system found; the given representations for the asterisked languages are ad hoc proposals for Wiktionary use based on related languages alone.

Many of these languages have several writing systems in use; the references indicate the source of the orthographies given. (Where multiple references are given priority is given to the earliest.)

See also the South American Phonological Inventory Database.

Reorganization edit

(for planning the organization of the Cariban languages) complete

  1. left: current old status (flat)
  2. middle: for my own reference (with broad-consensus families, and listed in order following a continuum of related languages)
  3. right: the same, but alphabetized as per usual Wiktionary custom
* {{desc|ake|}}
* {{desc|ako|}}
* {{desc|apy|}}
* {{desc|bkq|}}
* {{desc|cbd|}}
* {{desc|ciy|}}
* {{desc|car|}}
* {{desc|hix|}}
* {{desc|txi|}}
* {{desc|jru|}}
* {{desc|kbb|}}
* {{desc|kui|}}
* {{desc|mbc|}}
* {{desc|mcg|}}
* {{desc|mch|}}
* {{desc|mzo|}}
* {{desc|sai-opo|}}
* {{desc|pbh|}}
* {{desc|aap|}}
* {{desc|pbc|}}
* {{desc|aoc|}}
* {{desc|pev|}}
* {{desc|sai-pur|}}
* {{desc|slj|}}
* {{desc|sai-sap|}}
* {{desc|sik|}}
* {{desc|tmz|}}
* {{desc|tri|}}
* {{desc|atr|}}
* {{desc|waw|}}
* {{desc|way|}}
* {{desc|sai-way|}}
* {{desc|yar|}}
* {{desc|sai-yao|}}
* {{desc|sai-yar|}}
* {{desc|yup|}}

* Parukotoan:
** {{desc|kbb|}}
** {{desc|hix|}}
** {{desc|waw|}}
* Guianan:
** {{desc|car|}}
** Taranoan:
*** {{desc|cbd|}}
*** {{desc|ako|}}
*** {{desc|tri|}}
** {{desc|way|}}
** {{desc|apy|}}
* {{desc|mch|}}
* {{desc|sai-way|}}
* Venezuelan Cariban:
** Mapoyan:
*** {{desc|mcg|}}
*** {{desc|yar|}}
*** {{desc|pev|}}
** {{desc|ciy|}}
** {{desc|tmz|}}
** {{desc|sai-yao|}}
** {{desc|pbh|}}
** Pemongan:
*** {{desc|aoc|}}
*** {{desc|ake|}}
*** {{desc|pbc|}}
*** {{desc|mbc|}}
*** {{desc|sai-pur|}}
* {{desc|sai-sap|}}
* {{desc|atr|}}
* Pekodian:
** {{desc|aap|}}
** {{desc|txi|}}
** {{desc|sai-yar|}}
** {{desc|bkq|}}
* Kuikuroan:
** {{desc|kui|}}
** {{desc|mzo|}}
* Yukpan:
** {{desc|jru|}}
** {{desc|yup|}}
* {{desc|sai-opo|}}

* Guianan:
** {{desc|apy|}}
** {{desc|car|}}
** Taranoan:
*** {{desc|ako|}}
*** {{desc|cbd|}}
*** {{desc|tri|}}
** {{desc|way|}}
* Kuikuroan:
** {{desc|kui|}}
** {{desc|mzo|}}
* {{desc|sai-opo|}}
* Parukotoan:
** {{desc|hix|}}
** {{desc|kbb|}}
** {{desc|waw|}}
* Pekodian:
** {{desc|bkq|}}
** {{desc|txi|}}
** {{desc|aap|}}
** {{desc|sai-yar|}}
* {{desc|sai-sap|}}
* Venezuelan Cariban:
** {{desc|ciy|}}
** Mapoyan:
*** {{desc|mcg|}}
*** {{desc|pev|}}
*** {{desc|yar|}}
** {{desc|pbh|}}
** Pemongan:
*** {{desc|ake|}}
*** {{desc|mbc|}}
*** {{desc|pbc|}}
*** {{desc|aoc|}}
*** {{desc|sai-pur|}}
** {{desc|tmz|}}
** {{desc|sai-yao|}}
* {{desc|atr|}}
* {{desc|sai-way|}}
* {{desc|mch|}}
* Yukpan:
** {{desc|jru|}}
** {{desc|yup|}}

Not included:

  • Sikiana sik, which is the only surviving dialect of kbb and probably shouldn’t have a separate code of its own
  • Coyaima coy is apparently no longer believed to be a Cariban language (assuming we mean the same by it as this Wikipedia page)
  • Saluma slj or Charúma is apparently identical to Waiwai waw: see Glottolog.

Whether there’s enough of a distinction between mcg, yar, and pev to warrant their own codes is also questionable. (But there does seem to be some difference: see Mattei Muller, Marie-Claude (2003) “Pémono: eslabón perdido entre mapoyo y yawarana” in Amerindia no. 28, pages 33-54.) Same question for kui and mzo.

Yukpa yup, on the other hand, seems to consist of several wildly different dialects that might better be considered separate languages.

Oddly, we also have Cumanagoto cuo listed as belonging to the Chapacuran family rather than Cariban. Are there two different languages with this name, given that the Cariban one is supposedly a synonym for Chayma ciy? (If so, the Cumanagoto entry at tuna should be deleted; we already have it under the Chayma header.)

Families added in the above structure:

New (current) tree edit

Possible languages we’re missing edit

All are poorly attested. Best not bother with them just now?

References edit

  1. ^ Gildea, Spike (2012) “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family” in Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, pages 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  2. ^ Koehn, Sally (2018) Aparai–Portuguese Dictionary. Webonary.org. SIL International. Accessed 11 April 2022 from [1].
  3. ^ Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary.
  4. ^ Robayo, Camilo (1989) “En faisant une rame: texte carijona” in Amerindia, number 14.
  5. ^ Carlin, Eithne B. (2004) A Grammar of Trio: a Cariban language of Suriname.
  6. ^ Grotti, Vanessa (2022) “A Note on the Orthography of Trio and Wayana” in Nurturing the Other: First Contacts and the Making of Christian Bodies in Amazonia.
  7. ^ Tavares, Petronila da Silva (2006) A grammar of Wayana.
  8. ^ Eliane Camargo, Tapinkili, et al. (2010) Hakëne omijau eitop wajana-palasisi: Dictionnaire bilingue wayana-français.
  9. ^ Grotti, Vanessa (2022) “A Note on the Orthography of Trio and Wayana” in Nurturing the Other: First Contacts and the Making of Christian Bodies in Amazonia.
  10. ^ Bruna Franchetto, Carlos Fausto, Ájahi Kuikuro & Jamalui Kuikuro Mehinaku (2017) “Kuikuro” in Kristine Stenzel & Bruna Franchetto (eds.), On this and other worlds: Voices from Amazonia, pages 23–87. Berlin: Language Science Press. DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1008774
  11. ^ Lucas, Maria Luísa (2014) Antes a gente tinha vindo do jabuti: notas etnográficas sobre algumas transformações entre os Hixkaryana no rio Nhamundá .
  12. ^ Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1965) Textos Hixkaryâna.
  13. ^ Derbyshire, Desmond C. (1985) Hixkaryana and Linguistic Typology. Note that in this work Derbyshire uses ɨ instead of à, a convention also found in other linguistic works but apparently not used by the indigenous community itself.
  14. ^ Hawkins, W. Neill (1962) A morfologia do substantivo na língua Uaiuai.
  15. ^ Hawkins, Robert (1998) “Wai Wai” in Desmond Derbyshire and Geoffrey Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Vol. 4, pp. 25-224. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 148 et seqq.
  16. ^ Pinto De Faria Junior, G. (2022) A Grammar of the Bakairi Language, page 16.
  17. ^ Millicent R. Liccardi and Elizabeth L. Camp (2012) Kytanwem Tâdâsenomedâdo Kâintainhoem: Para Nós Lermos Na Nossa Língua
  18. ^ Pacheco, Frantomé Bezerra (1997) Aspectos da gramática Ikpeng
  19. ^ Ferreira Alves, Ana Carolina (2017) Morfofonologia, morfossintaxe e o sistema de tempo, aspecto e modo em Arara (Karib), page 37.
  20. ^ de Souza, Isaac Costa (2010) A Phonological Description of “Pet Talk” in Arara.
  21. ^ Mattei Muller, Marie-Claude (2003) “Pémono: eslabón perdido entre mapoyo y yawarana” in Amerindia no. 28, pages 33-54.
  22. ^ Payne, Thomas E and Payne, Doris L. (2012) A Typological Grammar of Panare: A Cariban Language of Venezuela, pages 41 et seqq.
  23. ^ Gildea, Spike and Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2006) “Clause linking in Akawaio (Cariban)”
  24. ^ Caesar-Fox, Desrey (2003) Zauro'nödok Agawayo Yau: variants of Akawaio spoken at Waramadong.
  25. ^ Abbott, Miriam (1991) “Macushi” in Desmond Derbyshire and Geoffrey Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian Languages, volume 3, pages 23–160. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  26. ^ Carson, Neusa (1981) Phonology and Morphosyntax of Macuxi (Carib). PhD dissertation, University of Kansas.
  27. ^ García Ferrer, Donaldo J. (2008) Diccionario piloto pemón-español.
  28. ^ Pérez, Ricardo Delgado. Guia del idioma pemon.
  29. ^ k word-finally, ' everywhere else
  30. ^ Bruno, Ana Carla (2003) Waimiri Atroari grammar: Some phonological, morphological, and syntactic aspects.
  31. ^ Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[2], Lyon
  32. ^ Oquendo, Luís (2004) “La vibrant uvular y la approximate labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica” in Opción 20(45): 60-74.
  33. ^ Oquendo, Luís (2004) “La vibrant uvular y la approximate labiodental en la lengua japreria como cultura fonológica” in Opción 20(45): 60-74.
  34. ^ Meira, Sérgio (2005) “Primeras observaciones sobre la lengua yukpa”.
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