césaid

Old Irish

Alternative forms

• céssaid

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *kʷenssāti, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷendʰ- (“to suffer”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πάσχω (páskhō) and πάθος (páthos).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkʲeːsɨðʲ]

Verb

césaid (verbal noun céssad)

1. to suffer, to endure
   • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 25^a10

     Níp imned libsi mo fochidi-se, ꝉ cia chéste ar iriss Críst.

     May my sufferings not be tribulation for you pl, or although you may suffer for Christ’s faith

Inflection

Simple, class A I present, s preterite, f future, a subjunctive

		1st sg.	2nd sg.	3rd sg.	1st pl.	2nd pl.	3rd pl.	Passive sg.	Passive pl.
Present indicative	Abs.
	Conj.
	Rel.
Imperfect indicative
Preterite	Abs.
	Conj.
	Rel.
Perfect	Deut.
	Prot.
Future	Abs.
	Conj.
	Rel.
Conditional
Present subjunctive	Abs.					céste
	Conj.
	Rel.
Past subjunctive
Imperative
Verbal noun		céssad
Past participle
Verbal of necessity

Descendants

• Irish: céas
• Scottish Gaelic: ceus

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
césaid	chésaid	césaid pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “césaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*kʷend-s-o-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 176