coudre
Champenois edit
Noun edit
coudre
- (Auve) elbow
References edit
- Tarbé, Prosper (1851) Recherches sur l'histoire du langage et des patois de Champagne[1] (in French), volume 1, Reims, page 109
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old French cosdre, coudre, from Vulgar Latin *cōsō, from Latin cōnsuō. The original infinitive was *cosre, where -d- was inserted as a gliding sound. The preconsonantal -s- then became silent during Old French times, in this case dropping from the spelling relatively early on. The d-spellings in the present tense are merely analogical (for expected je cous, il cout).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
coudre
Conjugation edit
This verb is conjugated like rendre, except that its stem is coud- in only part of the conjugation. Before endings that begin with vowels, the stem cous- (with a /-z-/ sound) is used instead; for example, nous cousons, not *nous coudons.
infinitive | simple | coudre | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | cousant /ku.zɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | cousu /ku.zy/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | couds /ku/ |
couds /ku/ |
coud /ku/ |
cousons /ku.zɔ̃/ |
cousez /ku.ze/ |
cousent /kuz/ |
imperfect | cousais /ku.zɛ/ |
cousais /ku.zɛ/ |
cousait /ku.zɛ/ |
cousions /ku.zjɔ̃/ |
cousiez /ku.zje/ |
cousaient /ku.zɛ/ | |
past historic2 | cousis /ku.zi/ |
cousis /ku.zi/ |
cousit /ku.zi/ |
cousîmes /ku.zim/ |
cousîtes /ku.zit/ |
cousirent /ku.ziʁ/ | |
future | coudrai /ku.dʁe/ |
coudras /ku.dʁa/ |
coudra /ku.dʁa/ |
coudrons /ku.dʁɔ̃/ |
coudrez /ku.dʁe/ |
coudront /ku.dʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | coudrais /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrais /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrait /ku.dʁɛ/ |
coudrions /ku.dʁi.jɔ̃/ |
coudriez /ku.dʁi.je/ |
coudraient /ku.dʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | couse /kuz/ |
couses /kuz/ |
couse /kuz/ |
cousions /ku.zjɔ̃/ |
cousiez /ku.zje/ |
cousent /kuz/ |
imperfect2 | cousisse /ku.zis/ |
cousisses /ku.zis/ |
cousît /ku.zi/ |
cousissions /ku.zi.sjɔ̃/ |
cousissiez /ku.zi.sje/ |
cousissent /ku.zis/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | couds /ku/ |
— | cousons /ku.zɔ̃/ |
cousez /ku.ze/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- → Esperanto: kudri
Further reading edit
- “coudre”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams edit
Old French edit
Verb edit
coudre
- Alternative form of cosdre
Conjugation edit
This verb conjugates as a third-group verb. This verb has a distinct stressed present stem, as well as other irregularities. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
simple | compound | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
infinitive | coudre | avoir cousu | |||||
gerund | en cousant | gerund of avoir + past participle | |||||
present participle | cousant | ||||||
past participle | cousu | ||||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
simple tenses |
present | keus | keus | keust | cousons | cousez | keusent |
imperfect | cousoie, couseie | cousoies, couseies | cousoit, couseit | cousiiens, cousiens | cousiiez, cousiez | cousoient, couseient | |
preterite | cousi | cousis | cousié | cousimes | cousistes | cousierent | |
future | coudrai | coudras | coudra | coudrons | coudroiz, coudreiz, coudrez | coudront | |
conditional | coudroie, coudreie | coudroies, coudreies | coudroit, coudreit | coudriiens, coudriens | coudriiez, coudriez | coudroient, coudreient | |
compound tenses |
present perfect | present tense of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior | preterite tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional tense of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
simple tenses |
present | keuse | keuses | keuse | cousons | cousez | keusent |
imperfect | cousisse | cousisses | cousist | cousissons, cousissiens | cousissoiz, cousissez, cousissiez | cousissent | |
compound tenses |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
— | keus | — | cousons | cousez | — |
References edit
- “Appendix E: Irregular Verbs” in E. Einhorn (1974), Old French: A Concise Handbook, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 151