kʰə̆-
Pela
editEtymology
editLikely from an earlier form *kʰa with an uncertain tone, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka (“which; like; deictic; interrogative”); a possible cognate is directly attested as Lhao Vo kho꞉ (“where”). If so, cognate with Old Chinese 何 (OC *ɡaːl, *ɡaːlʔ), Tibetan ག་རེ (ga re, “what”), Nuosu ꇿ (kat), ꈀꇬ (kax go, “where”) and Lahu qhɔ̀ (“where”, Na dialect). Compare Lhao Vo kho꞉ and Zaiwa ka.
Determiner
editkʰə̆- (usually with classifiers, always reduced)
Prefix
editkʰə̆- (always reduced)
- (unproductive) prefix forming interrogative terms
- kʰə̆.jauʔ³¹
- which man; who (with jauʔ³¹ (“classifier for people”))
- kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵
- whither, to what place (with kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))
Usage notes
editSince being a full syllable instead of a reduced one is not required for a head of a noun phrase in Pela, the reduced appearance of kʰə̆- does not imply its function as an affix directly; instead, it serves as the head of case particles frequently (though mostly fossilised), as in kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵ (“whither, to what place (in this case kʰja⁵⁵ (“to, toward”))”).
Derived terms
edit- kʰə̆.jauʔ³¹ (“which man; who”)
- kʰə̆.kʰja³¹ (“how, in which manner”)
- kʰə̆.kʰja⁵⁵ (“whither, to which place”)
- kʰə̆.lam⁵¹ (“which one”)
- kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵ (“how many, how much”)
- kʰə̆.mja̠³⁵ tɛ̃⁵⁵ (“how old; how many years”)
- kʰə̆.mɛ̃³¹ (“where; whither; at/to what place”)
- kʰə̆.mɛ̃⁵⁵ (“whence, from where”)
- kʰə̆.su⁵⁵ (“how; what kind of”)
- kʰə̆.sŭ kɔ̠t⁵⁵ (“how to, in what way”)
- kʰə̆.sŭ kɛ³¹ (“how to (call)”)
- kʰə̆.tʃuŋ⁵¹ (“what kind of”)
- kʰə̆.u³¹ (“when, at which moment”)
See also
editPossible derived terms from *kʰa:
References
edit- Dai Qingxia, Jiang Ying, Kong Zhien, A Study of Pela Language (2007; Publishing House of Minority Nationalities, Beijing)
- Huang Bufan (editor), Xu Shouchun, Chen Jiaying, Wang Huiyin, A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (1992; Central Minorities University, Beijing)
- Mangshi Jinghpo ethnicity Association of Development and Progress Studies(芒市景颇族发展进步研究学会)(ed.), Han-Zaiwa-Pela Dictionary (汉文载瓦文波拉语对译词典) (2018; Dehong Nationalities Publishing House, Mangshi)