kesal

Indonesian

Etymology

Probably cognate with Javanese ꦏꦼꦱꦼꦭ꧀ (kesel, “tired”), from Old Javanese kĕsĕl (“tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion; sad, distressed”). Doublet of sesal.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /kəˈsal/ [kəˈsal]
• Rhymes: -al
• Syllabification: ke‧sal

Verb

kêsal

1. to annoy

Conjugation

Conjugation of kesal (meng-, absolute intransitive)

root	kesal
	active	passive		basic imperative	emphatic jussive
		reflective1	ordinary
	ordinary
nominative	mengesal	terkesal		kesal	kesallah
accusative / dative / locative	mengesali	terkesali	dikesali	kesali	kesalilah
perfective causative / applicative2	mengesalkan	terkesalkan	dikesalkan	kesalkan	kesalkanlah
	causative
nominative	memperkesal	terperkesal	diperkesal	perkesal	perkesallah
accusative / dative / locative	memperkesali	terperkesali	diperkesali	perkesali	perkesalilah
perfective causative / applicative2	memperkesalkan	terperkesalkan	diperkesalkan	perkesalkan	perkesalkanlah

¹ There is another form of reflective passive verb with affixation of ke- -an which is not included in the table. This form is only attested in active voice without causative affixation of per-.
² The -kan row is either causative or applicative. With transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning.
Some of these forms do not normally exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning.

Derived terms

• kekesalan

Further reading

• “kesal” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.