kmm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /kaˈmam/ → /kaˈmam/ → /kəˈmam/ → /kəˈmam/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /kaˈmam/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /kaˈmam/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /kəˈmam/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /kəˈmam/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /kɛmɛm/
  • Conventional anglicization: kemem

Verb

 2ae gem.

1. (intransitive) to be(come) black

Inflection

Conjugation of kmm (second geminate / 2ae gem. / II. gem.) — base stem: km, geminated stem: kmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
kmm8	kmm	kmmt	kmm, km	kmm, km

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
kmm, km	ḥr kmm	m kmm	r kmm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	kmm.n, km.n	consecutive	km.jn
terminative	kmmt
perfective3	km	obligative1	kmm.ḫr
imperfective	kmm
prospective3	kmm	potentialis1	km.kꜣ
subjunctive	km

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	km.n	—	—
perfective	km	km	km, kmw5, kmy5
imperfective	kmm, kmmy, kmmw5	kmm, kmmj6, kmmy6	kmm, kmmw5
prospective	km, kmtj7	kmmtj4, kmmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine. km before suffix pronouns.

This verb is almost exclusively used in its non-geminated forms; that it is a second-geminate verb kmm rather than a biliteral km is deduced from its Coptic descendants.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of kmm  

km	km	km	km
	[since the Amarna Period]	[since the 18th Dynasty]	[since the 18th Dynasty]

These writings all represent non-geminated forms; see the note under ‘Inflection’ above.

Derived terms

• m km n ꜣt
• km wr (“the Bitter Lakes”)
• kmt^? (“a type of jar”)
• kmt (“Egypt”)
• kmt (“the Egyptians”)

 

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ⲭⲙⲟⲙ (khmom)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ⲕⲙⲁⲙ (kmam)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲙⲟⲙ (kmom)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 122–124.8
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 286