shunqa

Zulu

Verb

-shunqa

1. (intransitive) to tower, to rise up (in a column)
2. (intransitive) to smoke (emit smoke)
3. (intransitive) to shoot forth, to dart off

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukushunqa
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukushunqa	ukungashunqi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	shunqa	-shunqe
Plural	shunqani	-shunqeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyashunqa, ngishunqa	engishunqayo, engishunqa	ngishunqa	angishunqi	engingashunqi	ngingashunqi
2nd singular	uyashunqa, ushunqa	oshunqayo, oshunqa	ushunqa	awushunqi	ongashunqi	ungashunqi
1st plural	siyashunqa, sishunqa	esishunqayo, esishunqa	sishunqa	asishunqi	esingashunqi	singashunqi
2nd plural	niyashunqa, nishunqa	enishunqayo, enishunqa	nishunqa	anishunqi	eningashunqi	ningashunqi
Class 1	uyashunqa, ushunqa	oshunqayo, oshunqa	eshunqa	akashunqi	ongashunqi	engashunqi
Class 2	bayashunqa, bashunqa	abashunqayo, abashunqa	beshunqa	abashunqi	abangashunqi	bengashunqi
Class 3	uyashunqa, ushunqa	oshunqayo, oshunqa	ushunqa	awushunqi	ongashunqi	ungashunqi
Class 4	iyashunqa, ishunqa	eshunqayo, eshunqa	ishunqa	ayishunqi	engashunqi	ingashunqi
Class 5	liyashunqa, lishunqa	elishunqayo, elishunqa	lishunqa	alishunqi	elingashunqi	lingashunqi
Class 6	ayashunqa, ashunqa	ashunqayo, ashunqa	eshunqa	awashunqi	angashunqi	engashunqi
Class 7	siyashunqa, sishunqa	esishunqayo, esishunqa	sishunqa	asishunqi	esingashunqi	singashunqi
Class 8	ziyashunqa, zishunqa	ezishunqayo, ezishunqa	zishunqa	azishunqi	ezingashunqi	zingashunqi
Class 9	iyashunqa, ishunqa	eshunqayo, eshunqa	ishunqa	ayishunqi	engashunqi	ingashunqi
Class 10	ziyashunqa, zishunqa	ezishunqayo, ezishunqa	zishunqa	azishunqi	ezingashunqi	zingashunqi
Class 11	luyashunqa, lushunqa	olushunqayo, olushunqa	lushunqa	alushunqi	olungashunqi	lungashunqi
Class 14	buyashunqa, bushunqa	obushunqayo, obushunqa	bushunqa	abushunqi	obungashunqi	bungashunqi
Class 15	kuyashunqa, kushunqa	okushunqayo, okushunqa	kushunqa	akushunqi	okungashunqi	kungashunqi
Class 17	kuyashunqa, kushunqa	okushunqayo, okushunqa	kushunqa	akushunqi	okungashunqi	kungashunqi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngishunqile, ngishunqē	engishunqile, engishunqē	ngishunqile, ngishunqē	angishunqanga	engingashunqanga	ngingashunqanga
2nd singular	ushunqile, ushunqē	oshunqile, oshunqē	ushunqile, ushunqē	awushunqanga	ongashunqanga	ungashunqanga
1st plural	sishunqile, sishunqē	esishunqile, esishunqē	sishunqile, sishunqē	asishunqanga	esingashunqanga	singashunqanga
2nd plural	nishunqile, nishunqē	enishunqile, enishunqē	nishunqile, nishunqē	anishunqanga	eningashunqanga	ningashunqanga
Class 1	ushunqile, ushunqē	oshunqile, oshunqē	eshunqile, eshunqē	akashunqanga	ongashunqanga	engashunqanga
Class 2	bashunqile, bashunqē	abashunqile, abashunqē	beshunqile, beshunqē	abashunqanga	abangashunqanga	bengashunqanga
Class 3	ushunqile, ushunqē	oshunqile, oshunqē	ushunqile, ushunqē	awushunqanga	ongashunqanga	ungashunqanga
Class 4	ishunqile, ishunqē	eshunqile, eshunqē	ishunqile, ishunqē	ayishunqanga	engashunqanga	ingashunqanga
Class 5	lishunqile, lishunqē	elishunqile, elishunqē	lishunqile, lishunqē	alishunqanga	elingashunqanga	lingashunqanga
Class 6	ashunqile, ashunqē	ashunqile, ashunqē	eshunqile, eshunqē	awashunqanga	angashunqanga	engashunqanga
Class 7	sishunqile, sishunqē	esishunqile, esishunqē	sishunqile, sishunqē	asishunqanga	esingashunqanga	singashunqanga
Class 8	zishunqile, zishunqē	ezishunqile, ezishunqē	zishunqile, zishunqē	azishunqanga	ezingashunqanga	zingashunqanga
Class 9	ishunqile, ishunqē	eshunqile, eshunqē	ishunqile, ishunqē	ayishunqanga	engashunqanga	ingashunqanga
Class 10	zishunqile, zishunqē	ezishunqile, ezishunqē	zishunqile, zishunqē	azishunqanga	ezingashunqanga	zingashunqanga
Class 11	lushunqile, lushunqē	olushunqile, olushunqē	lushunqile, lushunqē	alushunqanga	olungashunqanga	lungashunqanga
Class 14	bushunqile, bushunqē	obushunqile, obushunqē	bushunqile, bushunqē	abushunqanga	obungashunqanga	bungashunqanga
Class 15	kushunqile, kushunqē	okushunqile, okushunqē	kushunqile, kushunqē	akushunqanga	okungashunqanga	kungashunqanga
Class 17	kushunqile, kushunqē	okushunqile, okushunqē	kushunqile, kushunqē	akushunqanga	okungashunqanga	kungashunqanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāshunqa	engāshunqa	ngāshunqa	angishunqanga	engingashunqanga	ngingashunqanga
2nd singular	wāshunqa	owāshunqa	wāshunqa	awushunqanga	ongashunqanga	ungashunqanga
1st plural	sāshunqa	esāshunqa	sāshunqa	asishunqanga	esingashunqanga	singashunqanga
2nd plural	nāshunqa	enāshunqa	nāshunqa	anishunqanga	eningashunqanga	ningashunqanga
Class 1	wāshunqa	owāshunqa	āshunqa	akashunqanga	ongashunqanga	engashunqanga
Class 2	bāshunqa	abāshunqa	bāshunqa	abashunqanga	abangashunqanga	bengashunqanga
Class 3	wāshunqa	owāshunqa	wāshunqa	awushunqanga	ongashunqanga	ungashunqanga
Class 4	yāshunqa	eyāshunqa	yāshunqa	ayishunqanga	engashunqanga	ingashunqanga
Class 5	lāshunqa	elāshunqa	lāshunqa	alishunqanga	elingashunqanga	lingashunqanga
Class 6	āshunqa	āshunqa	āshunqa	awashunqanga	angashunqanga	engashunqanga
Class 7	sāshunqa	esāshunqa	sāshunqa	asishunqanga	esingashunqanga	singashunqanga
Class 8	zāshunqa	ezāshunqa	zāshunqa	azishunqanga	ezingashunqanga	zingashunqanga
Class 9	yāshunqa	eyāshunqa	yāshunqa	ayishunqanga	engashunqanga	ingashunqanga
Class 10	zāshunqa	ezāshunqa	zāshunqa	azishunqanga	ezingashunqanga	zingashunqanga
Class 11	lwāshunqa	olwāshunqa	lwāshunqa	alushunqanga	olungashunqanga	lungashunqanga
Class 14	bāshunqa	obāshunqa	bāshunqa	abushunqanga	obungashunqanga	bungashunqanga
Class 15	kwāshunqa	okwāshunqa	kwāshunqa	akushunqanga	okungashunqanga	kungashunqanga
Class 17	kwāshunqa	okwāshunqa	kwāshunqa	akushunqanga	okungashunqanga	kungashunqanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingashunqa	—	ngingashunqa	ngingeshunqe	—	ngingeshunqe
2nd singular	ungashunqa	—	ungashunqa	ungeshunqe	—	ungeshunqe
1st plural	singashunqa	—	singashunqa	singeshunqe	—	singeshunqe
2nd plural	ningashunqa	—	ningashunqa	ningeshunqe	—	ningeshunqe
Class 1	angashunqa	—	engashunqa	angeshunqe	—	engeshunqe
Class 2	bangashunqa	—	bengashunqa	bangeshunqe	—	bengeshunqe
Class 3	ungashunqa	—	ungashunqa	ungeshunqe	—	ungeshunqe
Class 4	ingashunqa	—	ingashunqa	ingeshunqe	—	ingeshunqe
Class 5	lingashunqa	—	lingashunqa	lingeshunqe	—	lingeshunqe
Class 6	angashunqa	—	engashunqa	angeshunqe	—	engeshunqe
Class 7	singashunqa	—	singashunqa	singeshunqe	—	singeshunqe
Class 8	zingashunqa	—	zingashunqa	zingeshunqe	—	zingeshunqe
Class 9	ingashunqa	—	ingashunqa	ingeshunqe	—	ingeshunqe
Class 10	zingashunqa	—	zingashunqa	zingeshunqe	—	zingeshunqe
Class 11	lungashunqa	—	lungashunqa	lungeshunqe	—	lungeshunqe
Class 14	bungashunqa	—	bungashunqa	bungeshunqe	—	bungeshunqe
Class 15	kungashunqa	—	kungashunqa	kungeshunqe	—	kungeshunqe
Class 17	kungashunqa	—	kungashunqa	kungeshunqe	—	kungeshunqe
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizoshunqa	engizoshunqa	ngizoshunqa	angizushunqa	engingezushunqa	ngingezushunqa
2nd singular	uzoshunqa	ozoshunqa	uzoshunqa	awuzushunqa	ongezushunqa	ungezushunqa
1st plural	sizoshunqa	esizoshunqa	sizoshunqa	asizushunqa	esingezushunqa	singezushunqa
2nd plural	nizoshunqa	enizoshunqa	nizoshunqa	anizushunqa	eningezushunqa	ningezushunqa
Class 1	uzoshunqa	ozoshunqa	ezoshunqa	akazushunqa	ongezushunqa	engezushunqa
Class 2	bazoshunqa	abazoshunqa	bezoshunqa	abazushunqa	abangezushunqa	bengezushunqa
Class 3	uzoshunqa	ozoshunqa	uzoshunqa	awuzushunqa	ongezushunqa	ungezushunqa
Class 4	izoshunqa	ezoshunqa	izoshunqa	ayizushunqa	engezushunqa	ingezushunqa
Class 5	lizoshunqa	elizoshunqa	lizoshunqa	alizushunqa	elingezushunqa	lingezushunqa
Class 6	azoshunqa	azoshunqa	ezoshunqa	awazushunqa	angezushunqa	engezushunqa
Class 7	sizoshunqa	esizoshunqa	sizoshunqa	asizushunqa	esingezushunqa	singezushunqa
Class 8	zizoshunqa	ezizoshunqa	zizoshunqa	azizushunqa	ezingezushunqa	zingezushunqa
Class 9	izoshunqa	ezoshunqa	izoshunqa	ayizushunqa	engezushunqa	ingezushunqa
Class 10	zizoshunqa	ezizoshunqa	zizoshunqa	azizushunqa	ezingezushunqa	zingezushunqa
Class 11	luzoshunqa	oluzoshunqa	luzoshunqa	aluzushunqa	olungezushunqa	lungezushunqa
Class 14	buzoshunqa	obuzoshunqa	buzoshunqa	abuzushunqa	obungezushunqa	bungezushunqa
Class 15	kuzoshunqa	okuzoshunqa	kuzoshunqa	akuzushunqa	okungezushunqa	kungezushunqa
Class 17	kuzoshunqa	okuzoshunqa	kuzoshunqa	akuzushunqa	okungezushunqa	kungezushunqa
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyoshunqa	engiyoshunqa	ngiyoshunqa	angiyushunqa	engingeyushunqa	ngingeyushunqa
2nd singular	uyoshunqa	oyoshunqa	uyoshunqa	awuyushunqa	ongeyushunqa	ungeyushunqa
1st plural	siyoshunqa	esiyoshunqa	siyoshunqa	asiyushunqa	esingeyushunqa	singeyushunqa
2nd plural	niyoshunqa	eniyoshunqa	niyoshunqa	aniyushunqa	eningeyushunqa	ningeyushunqa
Class 1	uyoshunqa	oyoshunqa	eyoshunqa	akayushunqa	ongeyushunqa	engeyushunqa
Class 2	bayoshunqa	abayoshunqa	beyoshunqa	abayushunqa	abangeyushunqa	bengeyushunqa
Class 3	uyoshunqa	oyoshunqa	uyoshunqa	awuyushunqa	ongeyushunqa	ungeyushunqa
Class 4	iyoshunqa	eyoshunqa	iyoshunqa	ayiyushunqa	engeyushunqa	ingeyushunqa
Class 5	liyoshunqa	eliyoshunqa	liyoshunqa	aliyushunqa	elingeyushunqa	lingeyushunqa
Class 6	ayoshunqa	ayoshunqa	eyoshunqa	awayushunqa	angeyushunqa	engeyushunqa
Class 7	siyoshunqa	esiyoshunqa	siyoshunqa	asiyushunqa	esingeyushunqa	singeyushunqa
Class 8	ziyoshunqa	eziyoshunqa	ziyoshunqa	aziyushunqa	ezingeyushunqa	zingeyushunqa
Class 9	iyoshunqa	eyoshunqa	iyoshunqa	ayiyushunqa	engeyushunqa	ingeyushunqa
Class 10	ziyoshunqa	eziyoshunqa	ziyoshunqa	aziyushunqa	ezingeyushunqa	zingeyushunqa
Class 11	luyoshunqa	oluyoshunqa	luyoshunqa	aluyushunqa	olungeyushunqa	lungeyushunqa
Class 14	buyoshunqa	obuyoshunqa	buyoshunqa	abuyushunqa	obungeyushunqa	bungeyushunqa
Class 15	kuyoshunqa	okuyoshunqa	kuyoshunqa	akuyushunqa	okungeyushunqa	kungeyushunqa
Class 17	kuyoshunqa	okuyoshunqa	kuyoshunqa	akuyushunqa	okungeyushunqa	kungeyushunqa
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngishunqe	ngingashunqi
2nd singular	ushunqe	ungashunqi
1st plural	sishunqe	singashunqi
2nd plural	nishunqe	ningashunqi
Class 1	ashunqe	angashunqi
Class 2	bashunqe	bangashunqi
Class 3	ushunqe	ungashunqi
Class 4	ishunqe	ingashunqi
Class 5	lishunqe	lingashunqi
Class 6	ashunqe	angashunqi
Class 7	sishunqe	singashunqi
Class 8	zishunqe	zingashunqi
Class 9	ishunqe	ingashunqi
Class 10	zishunqe	zingashunqi
Class 11	lushunqe	lungashunqi
Class 14	bushunqe	bungashunqi
Class 15	kushunqe	kungashunqi
Class 17	kushunqe	kungashunqi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngashunqa	ngangashunqa, angashunqa, angangashunqa
2nd singular	washunqa	wangashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa
1st plural	sashunqa	sangashunqa, asashunqa, asangashunqa
2nd plural	nashunqa	nangashunqa, anashunqa, anangashunqa
Class 1	washunqa	wangashunqa, akashunqa, akangashunqa
Class 2	bashunqa	bangashunqa, abashunqa, abangashunqa
Class 3	washunqa	wangashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa
Class 4	yashunqa	yangashunqa, ayashunqa, ayangashunqa
Class 5	lashunqa	langashunqa, alashunqa, alangashunqa
Class 6	ashunqa	angashunqa, awashunqa, awangashunqa
Class 7	sashunqa	sangashunqa, asashunqa, asangashunqa
Class 8	zashunqa	zangashunqa, azashunqa, azangashunqa
Class 9	yashunqa	yangashunqa, ayashunqa, ayangashunqa
Class 10	zashunqa	zangashunqa, azashunqa, azangashunqa
Class 11	lwashunqa	lwangashunqa, alwashunqa, alwangashunqa
Class 14	bashunqa	bangashunqa, abashunqa, abangashunqa
Class 15	kwashunqa	kwangashunqa, akwashunqa, akwangashunqa
Class 17	kwashunqa	kwangashunqa, akwashunqa, akwangashunqa

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “shunqa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “shunqa (6.3)”