skꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛkɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: seka

Noun

 m

1. ox for plowing

Inflection

Declension of skꜣ (masculine)

singular	skꜣ
dual	skꜣwj
plural	skꜣw

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to plow
   • Early 6th Dynasty, Tomb of Nyankhnesut, Relief of Agricultural Scenes (Cleveland 1930.736), upper register, caption above plowman:

     skꜣ wꜣḥ hb

     Plowing. “Press the plow!”

Inflection

Conjugation of skꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: skꜣ, geminated stem: skꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
skꜣ	skꜣw, skꜣ	skꜣt	skꜣ	skꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
skꜣ	ḥr skꜣ	m skꜣ	r skꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	skꜣ.n	skꜣw, skꜣ	consecutive	skꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	skꜣt
perfective3	skꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	skꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	skꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	skꜣ	skꜣꜣ	potentialis1	skꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	skꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	skꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	skꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	skꜣ	skꜣ, skꜣw5, skꜣy5
imperfective	skꜣ, skꜣy, skꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	skꜣ, skꜣj6, skꜣy6	skꜣ, skꜣw5
prospective	skꜣ, skꜣtj7	—	skꜣtj4, skꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲕⲉⲓ (skei)
• Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲭⲁⲓ (skhai)
• Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲕⲁⲓ (skai)

Proper noun

 m

1. A male given name of historical usage, notably borne by Predynastic Egyptian king Hsekiu

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 36, 346.
• Baker, D. D. (2008) The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I — Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC, p. 360