smꜣ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛmɑ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sema

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to slaughter, to kill, to slay

Inflection

Conjugation of smꜣ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: smꜣ, geminated stem: smꜣꜣ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
smꜣ	smꜣw, smꜣ	smꜣt	smꜣ	smꜣ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
smꜣ	ḥr smꜣ	m smꜣ	r smꜣ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	smꜣ.n	smꜣw, smꜣ	consecutive	smꜣ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	smꜣt
perfective3	smꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	smꜣ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	smꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	smꜣ	smꜣꜣ	potentialis1	smꜣ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	smꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	smꜣ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	smꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2	smꜣ	smꜣ, smꜣw5, smꜣy5
imperfective	smꜣ, smꜣy, smꜣw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	smꜣ, smꜣj6, smꜣy6	smꜣ, smꜣw5
prospective	smꜣ, smꜣtj7	—	smꜣtj4, smꜣt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of smꜣ  

smꜣw	smꜣ
From after the ꜣ became silent; the second m is thus actually a phonetic complement of the first mꜣ

Noun

 m

1. wild bull

Inflection

Declension of smꜣ (masculine)

singular	smꜣ
dual	smꜣwj
plural	smꜣw

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 169, 186, 213.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 96