spdḏ

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼacʼ/ → /ˈsaptʼaʔ/ → /ˈsaptʼa/ → /ˈsaptʼə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼacʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼaʔ/, with unexpected sound change /t’/ > /t/ (> /ʔ/)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼa/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsaptʼə/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛpdɛd͡ʒ/
  • Conventional anglicization: sepdedj

Verb

 4-lit.

1. (transitive) to prepare

Inflection

Conjugation of spdḏ (quadriliteral / 4-lit. / 4rad.) — base stem: spdḏ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
spdḏ	spdḏw, spdḏ	spdḏt	spdḏ	spdḏ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
spdḏ	ḥr spdḏ	m spdḏ	r spdḏ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	spdḏ.n	spdḏw, spdḏ	consecutive	spdḏ.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	spdḏt
perfective3	spdḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	spdḏ.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	spdḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	spdḏw, spdḏ	spdḏw, spdḏ	potentialis1	spdḏ.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	spdḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	spdḏ.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	spdḏ	active + .tj1, .tw2	spdḏ	spdḏ, spdḏw5, spdḏy5
imperfective	spdḏ, spdḏy, spdḏw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	spdḏ, spdḏj6, spdḏy6	spdḏ, spdḏw5
prospective	spdḏ, spdḏtj7	—	spdḏwtj1 4, spdḏtj4, spdḏt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of spdḏ  

spdd

Descendants

• Demotic: sbt
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃⲧⲉ (sabte)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃϯ (sobti)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲥⲁⲃϯ (sabti)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲥⲟⲃⲧⲉ (sobte)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 162.