Tone L
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuya
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
Infinitive
|
ukuvuya
|
ukungavuyi
|
|
Imperative
|
|
Simple
|
+ object concord
|
Singular
|
vuya
|
-vuye
|
Plural
|
vuyani
|
-vuyeni
|
|
Present
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyavuya, ngivuya
|
engivuyayo, engivuya
|
ngivuya
|
angivuyi
|
engingavuyi
|
ngingavuyi
|
2nd singular
|
uyavuya, uvuya
|
ovuyayo, ovuya
|
uvuya
|
awuvuyi
|
ongavuyi
|
ungavuyi
|
1st plural
|
siyavuya, sivuya
|
esivuyayo, esivuya
|
sivuya
|
asivuyi
|
esingavuyi
|
singavuyi
|
2nd plural
|
niyavuya, nivuya
|
enivuyayo, enivuya
|
nivuya
|
anivuyi
|
eningavuyi
|
ningavuyi
|
Class 1
|
uyavuya, uvuya
|
ovuyayo, ovuya
|
evuya
|
akavuyi
|
ongavuyi
|
engavuyi
|
Class 2
|
bayavuya, bavuya
|
abavuyayo, abavuya
|
bevuya
|
abavuyi
|
abangavuyi
|
bengavuyi
|
Class 3
|
uyavuya, uvuya
|
ovuyayo, ovuya
|
uvuya
|
awuvuyi
|
ongavuyi
|
ungavuyi
|
Class 4
|
iyavuya, ivuya
|
evuyayo, evuya
|
ivuya
|
ayivuyi
|
engavuyi
|
ingavuyi
|
Class 5
|
liyavuya, livuya
|
elivuyayo, elivuya
|
livuya
|
alivuyi
|
elingavuyi
|
lingavuyi
|
Class 6
|
ayavuya, avuya
|
avuyayo, avuya
|
evuya
|
awavuyi
|
angavuyi
|
engavuyi
|
Class 7
|
siyavuya, sivuya
|
esivuyayo, esivuya
|
sivuya
|
asivuyi
|
esingavuyi
|
singavuyi
|
Class 8
|
ziyavuya, zivuya
|
ezivuyayo, ezivuya
|
zivuya
|
azivuyi
|
ezingavuyi
|
zingavuyi
|
Class 9
|
iyavuya, ivuya
|
evuyayo, evuya
|
ivuya
|
ayivuyi
|
engavuyi
|
ingavuyi
|
Class 10
|
ziyavuya, zivuya
|
ezivuyayo, ezivuya
|
zivuya
|
azivuyi
|
ezingavuyi
|
zingavuyi
|
Class 11
|
luyavuya, luvuya
|
oluvuyayo, oluvuya
|
luvuya
|
aluvuyi
|
olungavuyi
|
lungavuyi
|
Class 14
|
buyavuya, buvuya
|
obuvuyayo, obuvuya
|
buvuya
|
abuvuyi
|
obungavuyi
|
bungavuyi
|
Class 15
|
kuyavuya, kuvuya
|
okuvuyayo, okuvuya
|
kuvuya
|
akuvuyi
|
okungavuyi
|
kungavuyi
|
Class 17
|
kuyavuya, kuvuya
|
okuvuyayo, okuvuya
|
kuvuya
|
akuvuyi
|
okungavuyi
|
kungavuyi
|
|
Recent past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngivuyile, ngivuyē
|
engivuyile, engivuyē
|
ngivuyile, ngivuyē
|
angivuyanga
|
engingavuyanga
|
ngingavuyanga
|
2nd singular
|
uvuyile, uvuyē
|
ovuyile, ovuyē
|
uvuyile, uvuyē
|
awuvuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
ungavuyanga
|
1st plural
|
sivuyile, sivuyē
|
esivuyile, esivuyē
|
sivuyile, sivuyē
|
asivuyanga
|
esingavuyanga
|
singavuyanga
|
2nd plural
|
nivuyile, nivuyē
|
enivuyile, enivuyē
|
nivuyile, nivuyē
|
anivuyanga
|
eningavuyanga
|
ningavuyanga
|
Class 1
|
uvuyile, uvuyē
|
ovuyile, ovuyē
|
evuyile, evuyē
|
akavuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
Class 2
|
bavuyile, bavuyē
|
abavuyile, abavuyē
|
bevuyile, bevuyē
|
abavuyanga
|
abangavuyanga
|
bengavuyanga
|
Class 3
|
uvuyile, uvuyē
|
ovuyile, ovuyē
|
uvuyile, uvuyē
|
awuvuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
ungavuyanga
|
Class 4
|
ivuyile, ivuyē
|
evuyile, evuyē
|
ivuyile, ivuyē
|
ayivuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
ingavuyanga
|
Class 5
|
livuyile, livuyē
|
elivuyile, elivuyē
|
livuyile, livuyē
|
alivuyanga
|
elingavuyanga
|
lingavuyanga
|
Class 6
|
avuyile, avuyē
|
avuyile, avuyē
|
evuyile, evuyē
|
awavuyanga
|
angavuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
Class 7
|
sivuyile, sivuyē
|
esivuyile, esivuyē
|
sivuyile, sivuyē
|
asivuyanga
|
esingavuyanga
|
singavuyanga
|
Class 8
|
zivuyile, zivuyē
|
ezivuyile, ezivuyē
|
zivuyile, zivuyē
|
azivuyanga
|
ezingavuyanga
|
zingavuyanga
|
Class 9
|
ivuyile, ivuyē
|
evuyile, evuyē
|
ivuyile, ivuyē
|
ayivuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
ingavuyanga
|
Class 10
|
zivuyile, zivuyē
|
ezivuyile, ezivuyē
|
zivuyile, zivuyē
|
azivuyanga
|
ezingavuyanga
|
zingavuyanga
|
Class 11
|
luvuyile, luvuyē
|
oluvuyile, oluvuyē
|
luvuyile, luvuyē
|
aluvuyanga
|
olungavuyanga
|
lungavuyanga
|
Class 14
|
buvuyile, buvuyē
|
obuvuyile, obuvuyē
|
buvuyile, buvuyē
|
abuvuyanga
|
obungavuyanga
|
bungavuyanga
|
Class 15
|
kuvuyile, kuvuyē
|
okuvuyile, okuvuyē
|
kuvuyile, kuvuyē
|
akuvuyanga
|
okungavuyanga
|
kungavuyanga
|
Class 17
|
kuvuyile, kuvuyē
|
okuvuyile, okuvuyē
|
kuvuyile, kuvuyē
|
akuvuyanga
|
okungavuyanga
|
kungavuyanga
|
|
Remote past
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngāvuya
|
engāvuya
|
ngāvuya
|
angivuyanga
|
engingavuyanga
|
ngingavuyanga
|
2nd singular
|
wāvuya
|
owāvuya
|
wāvuya
|
awuvuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
ungavuyanga
|
1st plural
|
sāvuya
|
esāvuya
|
sāvuya
|
asivuyanga
|
esingavuyanga
|
singavuyanga
|
2nd plural
|
nāvuya
|
enāvuya
|
nāvuya
|
anivuyanga
|
eningavuyanga
|
ningavuyanga
|
Class 1
|
wāvuya
|
owāvuya
|
āvuya
|
akavuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
Class 2
|
bāvuya
|
abāvuya
|
bāvuya
|
abavuyanga
|
abangavuyanga
|
bengavuyanga
|
Class 3
|
wāvuya
|
owāvuya
|
wāvuya
|
awuvuyanga
|
ongavuyanga
|
ungavuyanga
|
Class 4
|
yāvuya
|
eyāvuya
|
yāvuya
|
ayivuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
ingavuyanga
|
Class 5
|
lāvuya
|
elāvuya
|
lāvuya
|
alivuyanga
|
elingavuyanga
|
lingavuyanga
|
Class 6
|
āvuya
|
āvuya
|
āvuya
|
awavuyanga
|
angavuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
Class 7
|
sāvuya
|
esāvuya
|
sāvuya
|
asivuyanga
|
esingavuyanga
|
singavuyanga
|
Class 8
|
zāvuya
|
ezāvuya
|
zāvuya
|
azivuyanga
|
ezingavuyanga
|
zingavuyanga
|
Class 9
|
yāvuya
|
eyāvuya
|
yāvuya
|
ayivuyanga
|
engavuyanga
|
ingavuyanga
|
Class 10
|
zāvuya
|
ezāvuya
|
zāvuya
|
azivuyanga
|
ezingavuyanga
|
zingavuyanga
|
Class 11
|
lwāvuya
|
olwāvuya
|
lwāvuya
|
aluvuyanga
|
olungavuyanga
|
lungavuyanga
|
Class 14
|
bāvuya
|
obāvuya
|
bāvuya
|
abuvuyanga
|
obungavuyanga
|
bungavuyanga
|
Class 15
|
kwāvuya
|
okwāvuya
|
kwāvuya
|
akuvuyanga
|
okungavuyanga
|
kungavuyanga
|
Class 17
|
kwāvuya
|
okwāvuya
|
kwāvuya
|
akuvuyanga
|
okungavuyanga
|
kungavuyanga
|
|
Potential
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngingavuya
|
—
|
ngingavuya
|
ngingevuye
|
—
|
ngingevuye
|
2nd singular
|
ungavuya
|
—
|
ungavuya
|
ungevuye
|
—
|
ungevuye
|
1st plural
|
singavuya
|
—
|
singavuya
|
singevuye
|
—
|
singevuye
|
2nd plural
|
ningavuya
|
—
|
ningavuya
|
ningevuye
|
—
|
ningevuye
|
Class 1
|
angavuya
|
—
|
engavuya
|
angevuye
|
—
|
engevuye
|
Class 2
|
bangavuya
|
—
|
bengavuya
|
bangevuye
|
—
|
bengevuye
|
Class 3
|
ungavuya
|
—
|
ungavuya
|
ungevuye
|
—
|
ungevuye
|
Class 4
|
ingavuya
|
—
|
ingavuya
|
ingevuye
|
—
|
ingevuye
|
Class 5
|
lingavuya
|
—
|
lingavuya
|
lingevuye
|
—
|
lingevuye
|
Class 6
|
angavuya
|
—
|
engavuya
|
angevuye
|
—
|
engevuye
|
Class 7
|
singavuya
|
—
|
singavuya
|
singevuye
|
—
|
singevuye
|
Class 8
|
zingavuya
|
—
|
zingavuya
|
zingevuye
|
—
|
zingevuye
|
Class 9
|
ingavuya
|
—
|
ingavuya
|
ingevuye
|
—
|
ingevuye
|
Class 10
|
zingavuya
|
—
|
zingavuya
|
zingevuye
|
—
|
zingevuye
|
Class 11
|
lungavuya
|
—
|
lungavuya
|
lungevuye
|
—
|
lungevuye
|
Class 14
|
bungavuya
|
—
|
bungavuya
|
bungevuye
|
—
|
bungevuye
|
Class 15
|
kungavuya
|
—
|
kungavuya
|
kungevuye
|
—
|
kungevuye
|
Class 17
|
kungavuya
|
—
|
kungavuya
|
kungevuye
|
—
|
kungevuye
|
|
Immediate future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngizovuya
|
engizovuya
|
ngizovuya
|
angizuvuya
|
engingezuvuya
|
ngingezuvuya
|
2nd singular
|
uzovuya
|
ozovuya
|
uzovuya
|
awuzuvuya
|
ongezuvuya
|
ungezuvuya
|
1st plural
|
sizovuya
|
esizovuya
|
sizovuya
|
asizuvuya
|
esingezuvuya
|
singezuvuya
|
2nd plural
|
nizovuya
|
enizovuya
|
nizovuya
|
anizuvuya
|
eningezuvuya
|
ningezuvuya
|
Class 1
|
uzovuya
|
ozovuya
|
ezovuya
|
akazuvuya
|
ongezuvuya
|
engezuvuya
|
Class 2
|
bazovuya
|
abazovuya
|
bezovuya
|
abazuvuya
|
abangezuvuya
|
bengezuvuya
|
Class 3
|
uzovuya
|
ozovuya
|
uzovuya
|
awuzuvuya
|
ongezuvuya
|
ungezuvuya
|
Class 4
|
izovuya
|
ezovuya
|
izovuya
|
ayizuvuya
|
engezuvuya
|
ingezuvuya
|
Class 5
|
lizovuya
|
elizovuya
|
lizovuya
|
alizuvuya
|
elingezuvuya
|
lingezuvuya
|
Class 6
|
azovuya
|
azovuya
|
ezovuya
|
awazuvuya
|
angezuvuya
|
engezuvuya
|
Class 7
|
sizovuya
|
esizovuya
|
sizovuya
|
asizuvuya
|
esingezuvuya
|
singezuvuya
|
Class 8
|
zizovuya
|
ezizovuya
|
zizovuya
|
azizuvuya
|
ezingezuvuya
|
zingezuvuya
|
Class 9
|
izovuya
|
ezovuya
|
izovuya
|
ayizuvuya
|
engezuvuya
|
ingezuvuya
|
Class 10
|
zizovuya
|
ezizovuya
|
zizovuya
|
azizuvuya
|
ezingezuvuya
|
zingezuvuya
|
Class 11
|
luzovuya
|
oluzovuya
|
luzovuya
|
aluzuvuya
|
olungezuvuya
|
lungezuvuya
|
Class 14
|
buzovuya
|
obuzovuya
|
buzovuya
|
abuzuvuya
|
obungezuvuya
|
bungezuvuya
|
Class 15
|
kuzovuya
|
okuzovuya
|
kuzovuya
|
akuzuvuya
|
okungezuvuya
|
kungezuvuya
|
Class 17
|
kuzovuya
|
okuzovuya
|
kuzovuya
|
akuzuvuya
|
okungezuvuya
|
kungezuvuya
|
|
Remote future
|
|
Positive absolute
|
Positive relative
|
Positive participial
|
Negative absolute
|
Negative relative
|
Negative participial
|
1st singular
|
ngiyovuya
|
engiyovuya
|
ngiyovuya
|
angiyuvuya
|
engingeyuvuya
|
ngingeyuvuya
|
2nd singular
|
uyovuya
|
oyovuya
|
uyovuya
|
awuyuvuya
|
ongeyuvuya
|
ungeyuvuya
|
1st plural
|
siyovuya
|
esiyovuya
|
siyovuya
|
asiyuvuya
|
esingeyuvuya
|
singeyuvuya
|
2nd plural
|
niyovuya
|
eniyovuya
|
niyovuya
|
aniyuvuya
|
eningeyuvuya
|
ningeyuvuya
|
Class 1
|
uyovuya
|
oyovuya
|
eyovuya
|
akayuvuya
|
ongeyuvuya
|
engeyuvuya
|
Class 2
|
bayovuya
|
abayovuya
|
beyovuya
|
abayuvuya
|
abangeyuvuya
|
bengeyuvuya
|
Class 3
|
uyovuya
|
oyovuya
|
uyovuya
|
awuyuvuya
|
ongeyuvuya
|
ungeyuvuya
|
Class 4
|
iyovuya
|
eyovuya
|
iyovuya
|
ayiyuvuya
|
engeyuvuya
|
ingeyuvuya
|
Class 5
|
liyovuya
|
eliyovuya
|
liyovuya
|
aliyuvuya
|
elingeyuvuya
|
lingeyuvuya
|
Class 6
|
ayovuya
|
ayovuya
|
eyovuya
|
awayuvuya
|
angeyuvuya
|
engeyuvuya
|
Class 7
|
siyovuya
|
esiyovuya
|
siyovuya
|
asiyuvuya
|
esingeyuvuya
|
singeyuvuya
|
Class 8
|
ziyovuya
|
eziyovuya
|
ziyovuya
|
aziyuvuya
|
ezingeyuvuya
|
zingeyuvuya
|
Class 9
|
iyovuya
|
eyovuya
|
iyovuya
|
ayiyuvuya
|
engeyuvuya
|
ingeyuvuya
|
Class 10
|
ziyovuya
|
eziyovuya
|
ziyovuya
|
aziyuvuya
|
ezingeyuvuya
|
zingeyuvuya
|
Class 11
|
luyovuya
|
oluyovuya
|
luyovuya
|
aluyuvuya
|
olungeyuvuya
|
lungeyuvuya
|
Class 14
|
buyovuya
|
obuyovuya
|
buyovuya
|
abuyuvuya
|
obungeyuvuya
|
bungeyuvuya
|
Class 15
|
kuyovuya
|
okuyovuya
|
kuyovuya
|
akuyuvuya
|
okungeyuvuya
|
kungeyuvuya
|
Class 17
|
kuyovuya
|
okuyovuya
|
kuyovuya
|
akuyuvuya
|
okungeyuvuya
|
kungeyuvuya
|
|
Present subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngivuye
|
ngingavuyi
|
2nd singular
|
uvuye
|
ungavuyi
|
1st plural
|
sivuye
|
singavuyi
|
2nd plural
|
nivuye
|
ningavuyi
|
Class 1
|
avuye
|
angavuyi
|
Class 2
|
bavuye
|
bangavuyi
|
Class 3
|
uvuye
|
ungavuyi
|
Class 4
|
ivuye
|
ingavuyi
|
Class 5
|
livuye
|
lingavuyi
|
Class 6
|
avuye
|
angavuyi
|
Class 7
|
sivuye
|
singavuyi
|
Class 8
|
zivuye
|
zingavuyi
|
Class 9
|
ivuye
|
ingavuyi
|
Class 10
|
zivuye
|
zingavuyi
|
Class 11
|
luvuye
|
lungavuyi
|
Class 14
|
buvuye
|
bungavuyi
|
Class 15
|
kuvuye
|
kungavuyi
|
Class 17
|
kuvuye
|
kungavuyi
|
|
Past subjunctive
|
|
Positive
|
Negative
|
1st singular
|
ngavuya
|
ngangavuya, angavuya, angangavuya
|
2nd singular
|
wavuya
|
wangavuya, awavuya, awangavuya
|
1st plural
|
savuya
|
sangavuya, asavuya, asangavuya
|
2nd plural
|
navuya
|
nangavuya, anavuya, anangavuya
|
Class 1
|
wavuya
|
wangavuya, akavuya, akangavuya
|
Class 2
|
bavuya
|
bangavuya, abavuya, abangavuya
|
Class 3
|
wavuya
|
wangavuya, awavuya, awangavuya
|
Class 4
|
yavuya
|
yangavuya, ayavuya, ayangavuya
|
Class 5
|
lavuya
|
langavuya, alavuya, alangavuya
|
Class 6
|
avuya
|
angavuya, awavuya, awangavuya
|
Class 7
|
savuya
|
sangavuya, asavuya, asangavuya
|
Class 8
|
zavuya
|
zangavuya, azavuya, azangavuya
|
Class 9
|
yavuya
|
yangavuya, ayavuya, ayangavuya
|
Class 10
|
zavuya
|
zangavuya, azavuya, azangavuya
|
Class 11
|
lwavuya
|
lwangavuya, alwavuya, alwangavuya
|
Class 14
|
bavuya
|
bangavuya, abavuya, abangavuya
|
Class 15
|
kwavuya
|
kwangavuya, akwavuya, akwangavuya
|
Class 17
|
kwavuya
|
kwangavuya, akwavuya, akwangavuya
|