إن
Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Proto-West Semitic *him, from Proto-Semitic *šim.
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
إِن • (ʔin)
- (conditional) if (possible, not contrary to fact)
- إِنْ تَدْرُسْ تَنْجَحْ
- ʔin tadrus tanjaḥ
- If you study you (will) succeed.
- إِنْ لَا تَدْرُسْ لَا تَنْجَحْ
- ʔin lā tadrus lā tanjaḥ
- If you do not study you (will) not succeed.
- اَلْمَرْءُ مَقْتُولٌ بِمَا قَتَلَ بِهِ: إِنْ سَيْفًا فَسَيْفٌ، وَإِنْ خِنْجَرًا فَخِنْجَرٌ.
- al-marʔu maqtūlun bimā qatala bihi: ʔin sayfan fasayfun, waʔin ḵinjaran faḵinjarun.
- A person is killed by what they are killed with, whether it's a sword, it's a sword, and if it's a dagger, it's a dagger.
- اَلنَّاسُ مَجْزِيُّونَ بِأَعَمَالِهِمْ: إِنْ خَيْرًا فَخَيْرٌ، وَإنْ شَرًّا فَشَرٌّ.
- an-nāsu majziyyūna biʔaʕamālihim: ʔin ḵayran faḵayrun, waʔin šarran fašarrun.
- People are rewarded for their deeds, if it's good, it's good, and if it's evil, it's evil.
Usage notes edit
Normally for conditions that are capable of being fulfilled. For contrary-to-fact conditions, use لَوْ (law). Used with the past tense or the jussive, in both cases with a present-tense meaning.
Synonyms edit
- إِذْمَا (ʔiḏmā)
Derived terms edit
- إِمَّا (ʔimmā)
Etymology 2 edit
Cognate to Hebrew הִנֵּה (“lo, behold”).[1][2]
Pronunciation edit
Particle edit
إِنَّ • (ʔinna)
- indeed, an emphasizing sentence particle, usually untranslated
- إِنِّي فَقِيرٌ وَلَا أَجِدُ طَعَامًا أُطْعِمُ أَوْلَادِي وَعَائِلَتِي، فَسَاعِدْنِي.
- ʔinnī faqīrun wa-lā ʔajidu ṭaʕāman ʔuṭʕimu ʔawlādī wa-ʕāʔilatī, fa-sāʕidnī.
- Indeed, I am poor and can't find food to feed my children and my family, so please help me.
Usage notes edit
- The subject of a clause containing إِنَّ (ʔinna) takes the accusative case, personal pronouns take enclitic forms.
- When إِنَّ (ʔinna) is followed by the first person singular enclitic ـِي (-ī, “my, me”), it produces forms إِنِّي (ʔinnī) or إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī). When it is followed by the first person plural enclitic نَا (nā, “our, us”), it produces forms إِنَّا (ʔinnā) or إِنَّنَا (ʔinnanā).
Inflection edit
Inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | إِنَّ (ʔinna) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
Masculine | Feminine | Common | Masculine | Feminine | |
First person | إِنِّي / إِنَّنِي (ʔinnī / ʔinnanī) | إِنَّنَا / إِنَّا (ʔinnanā / ʔinnā) | |||
Second person | إِنَّكَ (ʔinnaka) | إِنَّكِ (ʔinnaki) | إِنَّكُمَا (ʔinnakumā) | إِنَّكُمْ (ʔinnakum) | إِنَّكُنَّ (ʔinnakunna) |
Third person | إِنَّهُ (ʔinnahu) | إِنَّهَا (ʔinnahā) | إِنَّهُمَا (ʔinnahumā) | إِنَّهُمْ (ʔinnahum) | إِنَّهُنَّ (ʔinnahunna) |
Derived terms edit
- إِنَّمَا (ʔinnamā)
See also edit
- (ʾinna and her sisters) إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا (ʔinna waʔaḵawātuhā); إِنَّ (ʔinna), أَنَّ (ʔanna), لٰكِنَّ (lākinna), كَأَنَّ (kaʔanna), لَعَلَّ (laʕalla), لَيْتَ (layta), (Category: Sisters of ʾinna)
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
Particle edit
إِنْ • (ʔin)
- (archaic) not
- a. 869, Al-Jāḥiẓ, “طرف أهل خراسان”, in البخلاء:
- لَا وَٱللّٰهِ، إِنْ أَهْلَكَ النَّاسَ وَلَا أَقْفَرَ بُيُوتَهُمْ وَلَا تَرَكَ دُورَهُمْ بَلَاقِعَ إِلَّا الْإِيمَانُ بِٱلْخَلَفِ
- lā wal-lāhi, ʔin ʔahlaka n-nāsa walā ʔaqfara buyūtahum walā taraka dūrahum balāqiʕa ʔillā l-ʔīmānu bi-l-ḵalafi
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Synonyms edit
- مَا (mā)
References edit
- ^ Lipiński, Edward (2001) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta; 80), 2nd edition, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 482:
- One of the oldest and most important presentatives is *han, attested in Palaeosyrian and in Old Akkadian en-ma, later umma by assimilation. It is found in Ugaritic (hn), in Old Canaanite (a-nu, a-nu-ú, an-nu, an-nu-ú), in Hebrew (hinnē), in Arabic (ʾinna), In Ge'ez (ʾən-ka); e.g. Arabic ʾinna llāha ʾalā kulli šayʾin qadīrun, "behold, God has power over everything". It should be identified with the West Semitic article han-, but carefully distinguished from the conditional particle hn → ʾn.
- ^ Hetzron, Robert (1997) The Semitic Languages, page 201: The [Arabic] particle ʾinna, etymologically cognate to Hebrew hen, hinne: "behold", emphasizes that the speaker's utterance is true.
- Lane, Edward William (1863) “إن”, in Arabic-English Lexicon[1], London: Williams & Norgate, page 103 seqq.
- Wehr, Hans (1979) “إن”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 37
Egyptian Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Conjunction edit
إن • (ʔin)
- if
- إن قلت أه نبقى موافقين
- ʔin ʔult ʔāh nibʔa mwafʔīn
- If you say yes, we're agreed.
- إن كان كويس ولا وحش
- ʔin kān kuwayyis walla wiḥiš
- Whether it be good or bad.
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Conjunction edit
إن • (ʔinn)
- that
- واضح إنه بيحبك
- wāḍiḥ ʔinnu biyḥibbik
- It's obvious that that he loves you.
- بيصرف مال كإنه غني
- biyiṣrif māl ka-ʔinnu ḡani
- He spends money as if he were rich.
South Levantine Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Conjunction edit
إن • (ʔin)
Usage notes edit
- إن (ʔin) is always followed by a verb in the past tense, even if refer to an action in the future.
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
See إنّه (ʔinno).
Conjunction edit
إنّـ • (ʔinn-)
Usage notes edit
- This preposition can be either used invariable in the form إنّه (ʔinno) or with an attached suffix pronoun.
- The suffix pronoun agrees with the subject of the subordinate clause.
Inflection edit
Inflected forms of إن | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | إنّـ (ʔinn-) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | إنّي (ʔinni) | إنّا (ʔinna) | |||
2nd person | إنّك (ʔinnak) | إنّك (ʔinnek) | إنكم (ʔinkom) | ||
3rd person | إنّه (ʔinno) | إنها (ʔinha) | إنهم (ʔinhom) |