खण्ड

Hindi edit

Pronunciation edit

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /kʰəɳɖ/, [kʰɐ̃ɳɖ]

Noun edit

खण्ड • (khaṇḍ) m (Urdu spelling کھنڈ)

Alternative spelling of खंड (khaṇḍ)

Declension edit

Declension of खण्ड (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	खण्ड khaṇḍ	खण्ड khaṇḍ
oblique	खण्ड khaṇḍ	खण्डों khaṇḍõ
vocative	खण्ड khaṇḍ	खण्डो khaṇḍo

Sanskrit edit

Alternative forms edit

काण्ड (kā́ṇḍa), काण्ड (kāṇḍá)

Alternative scripts edit

Alternative scripts

খণ্ড (Assamese script)
ᬔᬡ᭄ᬟ (Balinese script)
খণ্ড (Bengali script)
𑰏𑰜𑰿𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀔𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Brahmi script)
ခဏ္ဍ (Burmese script)
ખણ્ડ (Gujarati script)
ਖਣ੍ਡ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌖𑌣𑍍𑌡 (Grantha script)
ꦑꦟ꧀ꦝ (Javanese script)
𑂎𑂝𑂹𑂙 (Kaithi script)
ಖಣ್ಡ (Kannada script)
ខណ្ឌ (Khmer script)
ຂຓ຺ຑ (Lao script)
ഖണ്ഡ (Malayalam script)
ᡘᠠᢏᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘏𑘜𑘿𑘚 (Modi script)
ᠻᠠᢏᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦯𑦼𑧠𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜 (Newa script)
ଖଣ୍ଡ (Odia script)
ꢓꢠ꣄ꢞ (Saurashtra script)
𑆒𑆟𑇀𑆝 (Sharada script)
𑖏𑖜𑖿𑖚 (Siddham script)
ඛණ‍්ඩ (Sinhalese script)
𑩝𑩪 𑪙𑩨 (Soyombo script)
𑚋𑚘𑚶𑚖 (Takri script)
க²ண்ட³ (Tamil script)
ఖణ్డ (Telugu script)
ขณฺฑ (Thai script)
ཁ་ཎྜ (Tibetan script)
𑒐𑒝𑓂𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
𑨌𑨘𑩇𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology edit

Of non-Indo-European, probably Dravidian origin; compare Tamil கண்டு (kaṇṭu, “hard candy”), கண்டம் (kaṇṭam), Malayalam കണ്ടം (kaṇṭaṁ), Tamil கட்டு (kaṭṭu, “to harden, condense”).^[1] Watkins instead suggests a borrowing from Munda.^[2]

Pronunciation edit

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʰɐɳ.ɖɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkʰɐɳ.ɖɐ/

Noun edit

खण्ड • (khaṇḍa) stem, m or n

a break, gap
a chip, piece, slice, bit, portion, fragment
clause, chapter, section (of a work, document)
candied sugar, dried molasses, treacle
(archaic) a variety of sugar cane
a continent
(algebra) a term in an equation
a party, number, multitude, assemblage

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of खण्ड (khaṇḍa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	खण्डः khaṇḍaḥ	खण्डौ / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍau / khaṇḍā¹	खण्डाः / खण्डासः¹ khaṇḍāḥ / khaṇḍāsaḥ¹
Vocative	खण्ड khaṇḍa	खण्डौ / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍau / khaṇḍā¹	खण्डाः / खण्डासः¹ khaṇḍāḥ / khaṇḍāsaḥ¹
Accusative	खण्डम् khaṇḍam	खण्डौ / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍau / khaṇḍā¹	खण्डान् khaṇḍān
Instrumental	खण्डेन khaṇḍena	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डैः / खण्डेभिः¹ khaṇḍaiḥ / khaṇḍebhiḥ¹
Dative	खण्डाय khaṇḍāya	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डेभ्यः khaṇḍebhyaḥ
Ablative	खण्डात् khaṇḍāt	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डेभ्यः khaṇḍebhyaḥ
Genitive	खण्डस्य khaṇḍasya	खण्डयोः khaṇḍayoḥ	खण्डानाम् khaṇḍānām
Locative	खण्डे khaṇḍe	खण्डयोः khaṇḍayoḥ	खण्डेषु khaṇḍeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of खण्ड (khaṇḍa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	खण्डम् khaṇḍam	खण्डे khaṇḍe	खण्डानि / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍāni / khaṇḍā¹
Vocative	खण्ड khaṇḍa	खण्डे khaṇḍe	खण्डानि / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍāni / khaṇḍā¹
Accusative	खण्डम् khaṇḍam	खण्डे khaṇḍe	खण्डानि / खण्डा¹ khaṇḍāni / khaṇḍā¹
Instrumental	खण्डेन khaṇḍena	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डैः / खण्डेभिः¹ khaṇḍaiḥ / khaṇḍebhiḥ¹
Dative	खण्डाय khaṇḍāya	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डेभ्यः khaṇḍebhyaḥ
Ablative	खण्डात् khaṇḍāt	खण्डाभ्याम् khaṇḍābhyām	खण्डेभ्यः khaṇḍebhyaḥ
Genitive	खण्डस्य khaṇḍasya	खण्डयोः khaṇḍayoḥ	खण्डानाम् khaṇḍānām
Locative	खण्डे khaṇḍe	खण्डयोः khaṇḍayoḥ	खण्डेषु khaṇḍeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun edit

खण्ड • (khaṇḍa) stem, m

a flaw in a jewel
a calf with horns half-grown
(music) a kind of measure

Adjective edit

खण्ड • (khaṇḍa) stem

Declension edit

Masculine a-stem declension of खण्ड
Nom. sg.	खण्डः (khaṇḍaḥ)
Gen. sg.	खण्डस्य (khaṇḍasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	खण्डः (khaṇḍaḥ)	खण्डौ (khaṇḍau)	खण्डाः (khaṇḍāḥ)
Vocative	खण्ड (khaṇḍa)	खण्डौ (khaṇḍau)	खण्डाः (khaṇḍāḥ)
Accusative	खण्डम् (khaṇḍam)	खण्डौ (khaṇḍau)	खण्डान् (khaṇḍān)
Instrumental	खण्डेन (khaṇḍena)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डैः (khaṇḍaiḥ)
Dative	खण्डाय (khaṇḍāya)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डेभ्यः (khaṇḍebhyaḥ)
Ablative	खण्डात् (khaṇḍāt)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डेभ्यः (khaṇḍebhyaḥ)
Genitive	खण्डस्य (khaṇḍasya)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डानाम् (khaṇḍānām)
Locative	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डेषु (khaṇḍeṣu)

Feminine ā-stem declension of खण्ड
Nom. sg.	खण्डा (khaṇḍā)
Gen. sg.	खण्डायाः (khaṇḍāyāḥ)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	खण्डा (khaṇḍā)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डाः (khaṇḍāḥ)
Vocative	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डाः (khaṇḍāḥ)
Accusative	खण्डाम् (khaṇḍām)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डाः (khaṇḍāḥ)
Instrumental	खण्डया (khaṇḍayā)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डाभिः (khaṇḍābhiḥ)
Dative	खण्डायै (khaṇḍāyai)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डाभ्यः (khaṇḍābhyaḥ)
Ablative	खण्डायाः (khaṇḍāyāḥ)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डाभ्यः (khaṇḍābhyaḥ)
Genitive	खण्डायाः (khaṇḍāyāḥ)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डानाम् (khaṇḍānām)
Locative	खण्डायाम् (khaṇḍāyām)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डासु (khaṇḍāsu)

Neuter a-stem declension of खण्ड
Nom. sg.	खण्डम् (khaṇḍam)
Gen. sg.	खण्डस्य (khaṇḍasya)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	खण्डम् (khaṇḍam)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डानि (khaṇḍāni)
Vocative	खण्ड (khaṇḍa)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डानि (khaṇḍāni)
Accusative	खण्डम् (khaṇḍam)	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डानि (khaṇḍāni)
Instrumental	खण्डेन (khaṇḍena)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डैः (khaṇḍaiḥ)
Dative	खण्डाय (khaṇḍāya)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डेभ्यः (khaṇḍebhyaḥ)
Ablative	खण्डात् (khaṇḍāt)	खण्डाभ्याम् (khaṇḍābhyām)	खण्डेभ्यः (khaṇḍebhyaḥ)
Genitive	खण्डस्य (khaṇḍasya)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डानाम् (khaṇḍānām)
Locative	खण्डे (khaṇḍe)	खण्डयोः (khaṇḍayoḥ)	खण्डेषु (khaṇḍeṣu)

Descendants edit

Pali: khaṇḍa (“piece”), khaṇḍikā (“broken bit, stick”)
Dardic:
- Kalasha: khōṇḍa (“half”)
- Kashmiri: کھونڈ (khonḍụ, “broken, maimed”)
Western:
- Punjabi:
  Gurmukhi script: ਖੰਨਾ (khannā), ਖੰਨੀ (khannī)
  
  Shahmukhi script: کھَنَّا (khannā), کھَنِّی (khanniī)
  - - Lahnda: کھنا (“piece, a scrap of bread”)
- Sindhi:
  Devanagari script: खनु (khanu), खनी (khanī)
  
  Arabic script: کَنُ (khanu), کَنِي (khanī)
Central:
- Gujarati: ખાંદું (khā̃dũ, “broken”)
- Hindustani:
  - Hindi: खंडा (khaṇḍā)
  - Urdu: کھَنڈَا
- Romani: xai̦i
  - Romani Greek: xandí, xanrík (“a little”), xarno (“humble, low”)
Eastern:
- Assamese: -খন (-khon)
- Bengali: -খান (-khan), -খানা (-khana), -খানি (-khani)
- Bihari: खंडा, खाँड़ी (“a woman's sari”)
  - Bhojpuri: खाँड़ा (khā̃ṛā, “piece”)
Northern:
- Kumaoni: खन (khan, “half”), खानुड़ो (khānuṛo, “piece”)
- Nepali: खणेउलि (khaṇeuli, “broken bits of rice”)
Southern:
- Marathi: खंड (khaṇḍa, “piece”), खंडोळें (khaṇḍoḷẽ, “piece”)
- Sinhalese: කඩ (kaḍa, “broken piece, piece, piece of cloth”)

Borrowed Terms

→ Gawar-Bati: کھݨڈ (khaṇḍa, “hill pasture”)
→ Bengali: খণ্ড (khonḍo)
→ Hindustani: (learned)
- Hindi: खंड (khaṇḍ)
- Urdu: کھنڈ
→ Punjabi: (learned)
- Punjabi: ਖੰਡ (khaṇḍ)
→ Persian: کند (kand) (see there for further descendants)
→ Telugu: ఖండము (khaṇḍamu)

References edit

Monier Williams (1899) “खण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 336/1.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 444

^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “candy”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ “candy”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[1] Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “candy”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.

[2] “candy”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.

[1]

[2]