はる
Japanese
Noun
はる (romaji haru)
Related terms
Derived terms
- はるめく (春めく)
Verb
はる (godan conjugation, romaji haru)
Suffix
はる (romaji haru)
- (Kansai) verbal suffix expressing respect to subject of verb; X-a-haru is equivalent to standard o-X-i ni naru.
Usage notes
Characteristic of traditional Kyoto 敬語 (keigo, honorific/court language), used throughout Kansai dialect. Intermediate in politeness between base (informal) form of verb and polite -masu form, though in Kyoto widely used in casual speech, and much closer to informal.
- In Osaka and surrounding areas, attaches to -masu stem.
- In Kyoto and surrounding areas, such as Nara and Shiga, attaches to -a inflection of verb; with vowel stems, takes epenthetic -ya-: toor-u → toora-haru (= otoori ni naru). ik-u → ika-haru (= irassharu). mi-ru → miya-haru (= goran nasaru). suru → shi-haru. kuru → ki-haru. i-ru (to be) → iya-haru.
- After て form of verb, is equivalent to irassharu: kangae-te haru (= kangaete irassharu).
- Inflects as regular verb: perfective はった etc: dokkara kihatta? "Where have you come from?"
- 〜はる can in turn take ます for additional politeness, yielding 〜はります, and other polite endings such as 〜んです, yielding 〜はるんです.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "〜はる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | Imperfective (未然形) | 〜はら | 〜はら | 〜hara |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuative (連用形) | 〜はり | 〜はり | 〜hari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 〜はる | 〜はる | 〜haru | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 〜はる | 〜はる | 〜haru | |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 〜はれ | 〜はれ | 〜hare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 〜はれ | 〜はれ | 〜hare | |
| Key constructions | Passive | 〜はられる | 〜はられる | 〜harareru |
| Causative | 〜はらせる 〜はらす |
〜はらせる 〜はらす |
〜haraseru 〜harasu |
|
| Potential | 〜はれる | 〜はれる | 〜hareru | |
| Volitional | 〜はろう | 〜はろう | 〜harō | |
| Negative | 〜はらない | 〜はらない | 〜haranai | |
| Negative continuative | 〜はらず | 〜はらず | 〜harazu | |
| Formal | 〜はります | 〜はります | 〜harimasu | |
| Perfective | 〜はった | 〜はった | 〜hatta | |
| Conjunctive | 〜はって | 〜はって | 〜hatte | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 〜はれば | 〜はれば | 〜hareba | |
References
- Palter, DC and Slotsve, Kaoru Horiuchi (1995). Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects And Culture of the Kansai Region. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3723-6, pp. 32–34