新疆

Chinese

		new; newly; meso- (chem.)	border; boundary
trad. (新疆)		新	疆
simp. #(新疆)		新	疆
Literally: “new territory”.

Etymology

Originally a general term for newly acquired territories, used since the Southern Song dynasty. In the Qing dynasty, various non-Han-inhabited territories were referred to as 新疆, including southwestern and western Guizhou, Wumeng (烏蒙／乌蒙, modern-day Zhaotong, Yunnan), Jinchuan (金川), and the region now known as Xinjiang. 疆 (jiāng) denotes the region was inhabited by non-Han ethnicities.

The first instance of a Qing emperor referring to the region now known as Xinjiang as 新疆 is found in the foreword of 欽定新疆識略 written by the Daoguang Emperor in 1821. Prior to that, the region was referred to as 西域 (Xīyù, literally “Western Regions”), a term used since the Han dynasty (Li, 1981). In 大清一統志 published during the eras of Qianlong and Jiaqing, the region was referred to as 西域新疆. Furthermore, during the era of Qianlong, northern Xinjiang or Dzungaria was referred to as 準疆／准疆 and 準部／准部, among other names, while southern Xinjiang or Altishahr was referred to as 回疆 (Huíjiāng) and 回部 (Huíbù).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Xīnjiāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄤ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): san¹ goeng¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhin¹ giang¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): 'xin¹ jiong¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Sîn-kiông

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xin¹ giong¹

• Eastern Min (BUC): Sĭng-giŏng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Sin-kiong / Sin-kiang

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sing¹ giang¹

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹shin-cian

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Xīnjiāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄐㄧㄤ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Sinjiang
    • Wade–Giles: Hsin¹-chiang¹
    • Yale: Syīn-jyāng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Shinjiang
    • Palladius: Синьцзян (Sinʹczjan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: san¹ goeng¹
    • Yale: sān gēung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: san¹ goeng¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sen¹ gêng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵ kœːŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lhin¹ giang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬin³³ kiaŋ³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: 'xin¹ jiong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˈɕin⁴² t͡ɕiɔŋ⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Sîn-kiông
    • Hakka Romanization System: xin´ giong´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xin¹ giong¹
    • Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴⁻¹¹ ki̯oŋ²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xin¹ giong¹
    • Sinological IPA: /sin⁴⁴ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Sĭng-giŏng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵ ^(k-)ŋyoŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Jinjiang, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-kiong
    • Tâi-lô: Sin-kiong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sinkiofng
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /sin³³ kiɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiɔŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sin-kiang
    • Tâi-lô: Sin-kiang
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sinkiafng
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kiaŋ⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sing¹ giang¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing kiang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ³³⁻²³ kiaŋ³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ¹shin-cian
    • MiniDict: shin^平 cian
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹xin-jian
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕin⁵⁵ t͡ɕiã²¹/

Proper noun

新疆

1. (～維吾爾自治區, formerly ～省) Xinjiang (a Uygur autonomous region and former province in far western China; capital: Ürümqi)

   • 是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以衛京師。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     是故重新疆者所以保蒙古，保蒙古者所以卫京师。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1877, Zuo Zongtang, 遵旨統籌全局摺

     Shìgù zhòng Xīnjiāng zhě suǒyǐ bǎo Ménggǔ, bǎo Ménggǔ zhě suǒyǐ wèi Jīngshī. [Pinyin]

     Thus, attaching importance to Xinjiang is the way to safeguard Mongolia, and safeguarding Mongolia is the way to defend the capital.

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (新疆):

• → Japanese: 新(しん)疆(きょう) (Shinkyō)
• → Korean: 신강(新疆) (Sin'gang)
• → Vietnamese: Tân Cương (新疆)

Others:

• → English: Xinjiang, Sinkiang, Hsin-chiang
• → Kazakh: Шынжаң (Şynjañ), شىنجاڭ (xinjyang)
• → Mongolian: ᠰᠢᠨᠵᠢᠶᠠᠩ (sinǰiyaŋ), Шиньжян (Šinʹžjan)
• → Russian: Синьцзя́н (Sinʹczján)
• → Nuosu: ꑟꏦ (xi jie)
• → Tatar: Шеңҗан (Şeñcan)
• → Turkish: Sincan
• → Uyghur: شىنجاڭ (shinjang), Шинҗаң (Shinjang)
• → Written Oirat: ᠱᡅᠨᡓᡅᡕᠠᡊ (šinǰiyang)
• → Zhuang: Sinhgyangh
• → Yakut: Синдьээҥ (Sinjeeñ)

Noun

新疆

1. (historical) new territory

See also

• 六城 (Liùchéng)
• 回疆 (Huíjiāng)
• 新界 (Xīnjiè, “New Territories”)
• 屬國／属国 (shǔguó, “vassal state”)
• 東突厥斯坦／东突厥斯坦 (Dōng Tūjuésītǎn, “East Turkestan”), 東土耳其斯坦／东土耳其斯坦 (Dōng Tǔ'ěrqísītǎn, “East Turkestan”)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
新	疆
しん Grade: 2	きょう Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Proper noun

新(しん)疆(きょう) • (Shinkyō) 

1. Xinjiang

Korean

Hanja in this term
新	疆

Proper noun

新疆 • (Sin'gang) (hangeul 신강)

1. Hanja form^? of 신강 (“Xinjiang”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
新	疆

Proper noun

新疆

1. chữ Hán form of Tân Cương (“Xinjiang”).