羯磨

Chinese

		phonetic
trad. (羯磨)		羯	磨
simp. #(羯磨)		羯	磨

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiémó

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄇㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kit³ mo⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiémó
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ ㄇㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiémó
    • Wade–Giles: chieh²-mo²
    • Yale: jyé-mwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyemo
    • Palladius: цземо (czemo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 結膜／结膜 羯磨

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: kit³ mo⁴
    • Yale: kit mòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kit⁸ mo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: kid³ mo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiːt̚³ mɔː²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kjot ma

Rime
Character	羯	磨
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	元 (67)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	居謁切	莫婆切
Baxter	kjot	ma
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨat̚/	/mwa/
Li Rong	/kiɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Wang Li	/kĭɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɨ̯ɐt̚/	/muɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie	mó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	git3	mo4

Noun

羯磨

1. (archaic) karma

Synonyms

• 業／业 (yè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (羯磨):

• → Japanese: 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma)
• → Vietnamese: Yết-ma (羯磨)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
羯	磨
かつ Hyōgaiji	ま Grade: S
on’yomi

*/kɨatɨ mʷa/ → /katuma/ → /kat͡suma/

From Middle Chinese 羯磨 (MC kjot ma), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कर्मन् (karman, literally “act, action”).

This pronunciation is prevalent in many Japanese schools of Buddhism, Tendai and Jōdo-shū to name a few.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) か​つま [káꜜtsùmà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠t͡sɨᵝma̠]

Noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (katsuma) 

1. (Buddhism) karma:
   1. a person's actions, deeds, works, etc.

      Synonyms: 行為 (kōi), 業 (gō), 所作 (shosa)

   2. confessions and/or vows to follow Buddhist precepts (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)
   3. Short for 羯磨金剛 (katsuma kongō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

• 羯(かつ)磨(ま)金剛(こんごう) (katsuma kongō)
• 羯(かつ)磨(ま)曼荼羅(まんだら) (katsuma mandara)
• 毘首(びしゅ)羯(かつ)磨(ま) (Bishukatsuma)

Proper noun

羯(かつ)磨(ま) • (Katsuma) 

1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
羯	磨
Hyōgaiji	ま Grade: S
irregular	kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

羯磨(こんま) • (konma) 

1. (Shingon Buddhism) karma: same as 羯磨(かつま) (katsuma) above