bitumen
English edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/, /ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/
- (Canada) IPA(key): /ˈbɪt͡ʃ.ʊ.mɪn/, /ˈbɪt.jʊ.mɪn/
- (US) IPA(key): /bɪˈtumən/, /bɪˈtjumən/, /baɪˈtumən/
Audio (UK) (file)
Noun edit
bitumen (countable and uncountable, plural bitumina or bitumens)
- A sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum, burning with a bright flame. It occurs as an abundant natural product in many places, as on the shores of the Dead and Caspian Seas. It is used in cements, in the construction of pavements, etc.; Mineral pitch.
- Synonym: Jew's pitch
- 2014 August 24, Jeff Howell, “Home improvements: gravel paths and cutting heating bills [print version: Cold comfort in technology, 23 August 2014, p. P5]”, in The Daily Telegraph (Property)[2]:
- You need to excavate and remove the topsoil, line the subsoil with a geotextile, then lay and compact hardcore. Follow this with a layer of compacted "hoggin" – compacted clay, gravel and sand. This is then sprayed with hot bitumen, and has a layer of pea shingle rolled into it.
- (by extension) Any one of the natural hydrocarbons, including the hard, solid, brittle varieties called asphalt, the semisolid maltha and mineral tars, the oily petrolea, and even the light, volatile naphthas.
- (Australia, colloquial) Roads sealed with bitumen, as opposed to dirt roads.
- (Canada) Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil.[1]
Synonyms edit
- (mineral pitch): Jew’s lime, Jew’s pitch, Jew’s slime, slime (all obsolete)
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
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Verb edit
bitumen (third-person singular simple present bitumens, present participle bitumening, simple past and past participle bitumened)
- To cover or fill with bitumen.
- Synonym: bituminize
- 1926, Rudyard Kipling, “The Prophet and the Country”, in Debits and Credits, →OCLC, page 155:
- another star reflected itself in the glassy black of the bitumened road
- 1984, Dennis Hancock, Wheels of Progress: History of the Road Transport Industry in Western Australia, 1829-1983[3], Access Press, →ISBN, page 145:
- Work is already under way to complete the bitumening of Western Australia's last unsurfaced stretch of Highway One, between Fitzroy Crossing and Hall's Creek.
- (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:)
See also edit
References edit
- “bitumen”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- ^ “Archived copy”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], 2007 October 20 (last accessed), archived from the original on 20 October 2007
Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen, which later influenced the spelling.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
bitumen n (plural bitumina)
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- “bitumen” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
From Dutch bitumen, from Middle Dutch bitume, from Latin bitūmen.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
bitumèn (first-person possessive bitumenku, second-person possessive bitumenmu, third-person possessive bitumennya)
Alternative forms edit
- bitumén (Standard Malay)
Further reading edit
- “bitumen” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Latin edit
Etymology edit
From *bitu + -men, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷétu (“resin, gum”), borrowed from an Osco-Umbrian language, traditionally assumed to be a Celtic one (compare Latin betulla), where the shift of *gʷ to b is regular.[1] The raising of the first vowel might come from the Osco-Umbrian variety, or have been developed in Latin, as occasionally happens after labials; compare firmus, vitulus.[2] Cognate with Scottish Gaelic bìth (“resin, gum”), English cud, Sanskrit जतु (jatu, “lac, gum”).
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical) IPA(key): /biˈtuː.men/, [bɪˈt̪uːmɛn]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /biˈtu.men/, [biˈt̪uːmen]
Noun edit
bitūmen n (genitive bitūminis); third declension
Declension edit
Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | bitūmen | bitūmina |
Genitive | bitūminis | bitūminum |
Dative | bitūminī | bitūminibus |
Accusative | bitūmen | bitūmina |
Ablative | bitūmine | bitūminibus |
Vocative | bitūmen | bitūmina |
Related terms edit
Descendants edit
Reflexes of an assumed variant *bittūmen:
- Old Catalan: betum, bitum
- Franco-Provençal: bèton, blèton, bleton
- Occitan: betum
- Old French: betun
- French: béton (see there for further descendants)
Borrowings:
- → English: bitumen
- → French: bitume
- → English: bitume
- → Italian: bitume
- → German: Bitumen
- → Hebrew: בִּיטוּמֵן
- → Russian: би́тум m (bítum)
- → Yiddish: ביטומען (bitumen)
References edit
- Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1984) “betún”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), volumes I (A–Ca), Madrid: Gredos, →ISBN, page 578
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “bitūmen”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volumes 1: A–B, page 386
- “bitumen”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “bitumen”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- bitumen in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- “bitumen”, in Harry Thurston Peck, editor (1898), Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*betu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 64–65
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “bitūmen, -minis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 72–73
Polish edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
bitumen m inan
Declension edit
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | bitumen | bitumeny |
genitive | bitumenu | bitumenów |
dative | bitumenowi | bitumenom |
accusative | bitumen | bitumeny |
instrumental | bitumenem | bitumenami |
locative | bitumenie | bitumenach |
vocative | bitumenie | bitumeny |
Related terms edit
- bitumować impf
Further reading edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from German Bitumen, from Latin bitumen.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
bitumen n (uncountable)
Declension edit
singular | ||
---|---|---|
n gender | indefinite articulation | definite articulation |
nominative/accusative | (un) bitumen | bitumenul |
genitive/dative | (unui) bitumen | bitumenului |
vocative | bitumenule |
Further reading edit
- bitumen in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)
Spanish edit
Etymology edit
Learned borrowing from Latin bitūmen.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
bitumen m (plural bitúmenes)
Further reading edit
- “bitumen”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swedish edit
Noun edit
bitumen n
Declension edit
Declension of bitumen | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | bitumen | bitumen, bitumenet, bituminet | bitumen | bitumenen |
Genitive | bitumens | bitumens, bitumenets, bituminets | bitumens | bitumenens |