mꜣꜥ

Demotic edit

Etymology 1 edit

Unknown. The once-popular derivation from Egyptian

(bw, “place, thing, -ness”) is untenable given the form of the Fayyumic descendant.^[1] A corresponding hieroglyphic Egyptian word

(mꜣꜥ, “place”) is attested from the end of the Third Intermediate Period onward, especially in late temple inscriptions, with the earliest certain attestation being in Papyrus Brooklyn 47.218.84,^[2] but this is contemporaneous with the spread of early Demotic. Meeks proposes that another term bpꜣt attested at the beginning of the Ramesside Period might be an early writing of the same word, but the absence of the final ayin is problematic.^[2]

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /maʕ/

Noun edit

⁠ ⁠ m

Descendants edit

Akhmimic Coptic: ⲙⲁ (ma)
Bohairic Coptic: ⲙⲁ (ma), ⲙⲟⲩ (mou), (only with ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ (niben)) ⲙⲁⲓ (mai)
Fayyumic Coptic: ⲙⲉ (me), ⲙⲟⲩ (mou), (before genitive ⲛ- (n-)) ⲙⲁ (ma)
Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲙⲁ (ma)
Sahidic Coptic: ⲙⲁ (ma)

Etymology 2 edit

From Egyptian

(mꜣꜥ, “to direct, to be true or just”).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈmuːʔəʕ/

Verb edit

⁠ ⁠

to be true
to be justified

Descendants edit

⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)

References edit

Erichsen, Wolja (1954) Demotisches Glossar, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, page 149
Janet H. Johnson, editor (2001), The Demotic Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago‎^[1], volume M (10.1), Chicago: The University of Chicago, pages 21–29

^ Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 77
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204. Meeks dates the papyrus to the Third Intermediate Period in this article, but Trismegistos and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae place it in the reign of Psamtik I, citing his 2006 “Mythes et legendes du Delta d’après le papyrus 47.218.8” in Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 125, pages 458–491.

Egyptian edit

Pronunciation edit

(verb): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmaːʀaʕ/ → /ˈmaːʔəʕ/ → /ˈmoːʔəʕ/

(noun, in the sense ‘place’) (reconstructed Late Egyptian) IPA^(key): /maʕ/

(modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /mɑʔɑː/
- Conventional anglicization: maa

Verb edit

3-lit.

(transitive) to direct, to guide, to conduct
- c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22:
  
  mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f
  To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.
(reflexive or intransitive) to be(come) true, to be(come) correct
(intransitive) to be(come) genuine, real, true
(intransitive) to fulfil a title or familial relation as one should; to be a real or true (brother, servant, etc.)
(intransitive, law) to be(come) innocent
(intransitive) to be(come) just or fair
(transitive) to make an offering of

Inflection edit

Conjugation of mꜣꜥ (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: mꜣꜥ, geminated stem: mꜣꜥꜥ

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive¹	singular	plural
mꜣꜥ	mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ	mꜣꜥt	mꜣꜥ	mꜣꜥ

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective²		periphrastic prospective²
mꜣꜥ	ḥr mꜣꜥ	m mꜣꜥ	r mꜣꜥ

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
aspect / mood	active	passive	aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	mꜣꜥ.n	mꜣꜥw, mꜣꜥ	consecutive	mꜣꜥ.jn	active + .tj¹, .tw²
perfect	mꜣꜥ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²
terminative	mꜣꜥt
perfective³	mꜣꜥ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mꜣꜥ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
imperfective	mꜣꜥ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	obligative¹	mꜣꜥ.ḫr	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mꜣꜥ	mꜣꜥꜥ	potentialis¹	mꜣꜥ.kꜣ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
prospective³	mꜣꜥ	active + .tj¹, .tw²
subjunctive	mꜣꜥ	active + .tj¹, .tw²

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
aspect / mood	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	mꜣꜥ.n	active + .tj¹, .tw²	—	—
perfective	mꜣꜥ	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mꜣꜥ	mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw⁵, mꜣꜥy⁵
imperfective	mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥy, mꜣꜥw⁵	active + .tj¹, .tw²	mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥj⁶, mꜣꜥy⁶	mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥw⁵
prospective	mꜣꜥ, mꜣꜥtj⁷	—	mꜣꜥtj⁴, mꜣꜥt⁴
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ

mꜣꜥ

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Demotic: mꜣꜥ
- ⇒ Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲙⲁⲓⲟ (tmaio), ⲧⲙⲁⲉⲓⲟ (tmaeio)

Noun edit

m

(anatomy) temple

Inflection edit

Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)

singular	mꜣꜥ
dual	mꜣꜥwj
plural	mꜣꜥw

Derived terms edit

rḏj mꜣꜥ r

Noun edit

m

place [since the end of the Third Intermediate Period]

Inflection edit

Declension of mꜣꜥ (masculine)

singular	mꜣꜥ
dual	mꜣꜥwj
plural	mꜣꜥw

Alternative forms edit

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of mꜣꜥ

mꜣꜥt

mꜣꜥ

mꜣꜥt

References edit

Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1928) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 2, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 12–14.19; 22.1–23.6
Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 101
Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 55, 128
Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204

[1] Černý, Jaroslav (1976) Coptic Etymological Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 77

[Meeks-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Meeks, Dimitri (1994) “Étymologies coptes. Notes et remarques” in Coptology: Past, Present and Future: Studies in Honour of Professor Rodolphe Kasser, Louvain: Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 61, page 203–204. Meeks dates the papyrus to the Third Intermediate Period in this article, but Trismegistos and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae place it in the reign of Psamtik I, citing his 2006 “Mythes et legendes du Delta d’après le papyrus 47.218.8” in Mémoires publiés par les membres de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale du Caire 125, pages 458–491.

[1]

[2]