вӧвны
Komi-Zyrian edit
Etymology edit
Suppletive:
- The forms starting in вӧл- (> вӧв-) are from Proto-Permic *vɔ̇lni, from Proto-Uralic *wole- (“to be”).
- The forms starting in ло- are from Proto-Permic *lɔ-, from Proto-Uralic *le- (“to become”).
This same suppletion happened in many Uralic languages, including Finnish olla and Hungarian van.
The direct descendant of Proto-Uralic *le- still exists in Komi-Zyrian as лоны (lony, “to become”).
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
вӧвны • (vövny)
- (copulative) to be
- 1957, A. S. Pushkin, translated by P. G. Doronina, Царь Салтан йылысь, сылӧн славнӧй пи ён багатыр князь Гвидон Салтанович да мича юсь-царевна йылысь мойд [The tale of tsar Saltan, his renowed son the mighty bogatyr prince Gvidon Saltanovich and of the beautiful swan-princess], page 3:
- Куим нывка ӧшинь дорын
Вӧлі печкӧны рыт сёрӧн.- Kuim nyvka öšiń doryn
Völi pećköny ryt śorön. - Three lasses were by a window
They were spinning one evening late.
- Kuim nyvka öšiń doryn
Usage notes edit
- In the present tense, the copulative is omitted, except in the third-person singular эм (em), which is used to express possession, location and emphasis. Compare a similar usage of the Russian copulative быть (bytʹ).
Conjugation edit
| Conjugation of вӧвны | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present tense | Future tense | |||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | |
| 1st singular | — | — | лоа (loa) | ог ло (og lo) |
| 2nd singular | — | — | лоан (loan) | он ло (on lo) |
| 3rd singular | — | — | лоас (loas) | оз ло (oz lo) |
| 1st plural | — | — | лоам (loam) | ог лоӧй (og loöj) |
| 2nd plural | — |
— | лоанныд (loannyd) |
он лоӧй (on loöj) |
| 3rd plural | — | — | лоасны (loasny) | оз лоӧй (oz loöj) |
| Direct past tense | Reported past tense | |||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | |
| 1st singular | вӧлі (völi) | эг вӧв (eg vöv) | ||
| 2nd singular | вӧлін (völin) | эн вӧв (en vöv) | вӧлӧмыд (völömyd) | абу вӧлӧмыд (abu völömyd) |
| 3rd singular | вӧлі (völi) | эз вӧв (ez vöv) | вӧлӧма (völöma) | абу вӧлӧма (abu völöma) |
| 1st plural | вӧлім (völim) | эг вӧлӧй (eg völöj) | ||
| 2nd plural | вӧлінныд (völinnyd) |
эн вӧлӧй (en völöj) | вӧлӧмныд (völömnyd) | абу вӧлӧмныд (abu völömnyd) |
| 3rd plural | вӧліны (völiny) | эз вӧлӧй (ez völöj) | вӧлӧмаӧсь (völömaöś) | абу вӧлӧмаӧсь (abu völömaöś) |
| Imperative | ||||
| positive | negative | |||
| 2nd singular | ло (lo) | эн ло (en lo) | Infinitive | вӧвны (vövny) |
| 2nd plural | лоӧй (loöj) | эн лоӧй (en loöj) | Present participle | лоысь (loyś) |
| *) The impersonal reported past is expressed using the third singular form. **) The first person imperative is expressed using the first person future form. ***) Any form ending in -ӧй has an alternative form ending in -ӧ. ****) The imperfect and perfect participles have alternative forms with a paragogic -а. |
Imperfect participle | лоан (loan) | ||
| Perfect participle | лоӧм (loöm) | |||
| Caritive participle | лотӧм (lotöm) | |||
| Nominal inflection of вӧвны | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Impersonal | First person | Second person | Third person | |
| Nominative | вӧвны (vövny) | вӧвным (vövnym) | вӧвныд (vövnyd) | вӧвныс (vövnys) |
| Accusative | вӧвнытӧ (vövnytö) | вӧвнысӧ (vövnysö) | ||
References edit
- A. I. Podorova, editor (1948), Коми-русский словарь [Komi-Russian dictionary], Syktyvkar: Коми Государственное Издательство, page 46
- Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1949) Грамматика литературного коми языка [Grammar of the literary Komi language] (in Russian), Leningrad: Zhdanov Leningrad State University, page 123
- L. M. Beznosikova, E. A. Ajbabina, R. I. Kosnyreva (2000) Коми-русский словарь [Komi-Russian dictionary], →ISBN, page 114