хто

Belarusian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos-tod, (compare *kʷís). Cognates include Ukrainian хто (xto), Russian кто (kto) and Polish kto.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xto]

• Audio:

  (file)

Conjunction

хто • (xto)

1. who

Pronoun

хто • (xto)

1. who (relative pronoun)
2. who (interrogative pronoun)

Declension

Declension of хто (sg-only)

	singular
nominative	хто xto
genitive	каго́ kahó
dative	каму́ kamú
accusative	каго́ kahó
instrumental	кім kim
locative	кім kim

Derived terms

• не́хта (njéxta)
• ніхто́ (nixtó)
• хтось (xtosʹ)
• хто́сьці (xtósʹci)

See also

• што (što)

Carpathian Rusyn

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos-tod, (compare *kʷís).

Pronoun

хто • (xto)

1. who (relative pronoun)

   Хто мат інтерес зачати ся учіти русиньскый списовный язык?

   Xto mat interes začaty sja učity rusynʹskŷj spysovnŷj jazŷk?

   Who is interested in studying the official Rusyn language?

Pannonian Rusyn

Etymology

Inherited from Old Slovak chto, from Proto-Slavic *kъto. Cognates include Kashubian chto, Polish and Slovak kto, Belarusian and Ukrainian хто (xto).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈxtɔ]
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: хто

Conjunction

хто (xto)

1. who

Pronoun

хто (xto)

1. (interrogative) who
2. (relative) who

Declension

Declension of хто

	singular	plural
nominative	хто (xto)	—
genitive	кого (koho)	—
dative	кому (komu)	—
accusative	кого (koho)	—
instrumental	ким (kim)	—
locative	ким / кому (kim / komu)	—
vocative	—	—

Related terms

pronouns

• дахто (daxto)
• нїхто (njixto)
• хтошка (xtoška)

Further reading

• Medʹeši, H., Fejsa, M., Timko-Djitko, O. (2010) “хто”, in Ramač, Ju., editor, Руско-сербски словнїк [Rusyn-Serbian Dictionary] (in Pannonian Rusyn), Novi Sad: Faculty of Philosophy

Russian

Etymology

Compare Ukrainian хто (xto).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xto]

Conjunction

хто • (xto)

1. (proscribed, low colloquial, nonstandard, Ukraine, Belarus, Southern Russia) who, non-standard form of кто (kto)

Pronoun

хто • (xto)

1. (proscribed, colloquial, nonstandard, Ukraine, Belarus, Southern Russia) who, non-standard form of кто (kto)

   Ну хто тебе́ тако́е сказа́л?!

   Nu xto tebé takóje skazál?!

   Who on earth told you this?!

Usage notes

• The term is typical for Surzhyk, Balachka or Trasyanka regionalisms.
• Seldom used in writing, only to convey the actual pronunciation of people, e.g. the accent of Don or Kuban Cossacks, Ukrainian/Belarusian speakers or Russian speakers in Ukraine or Belarus.

Declension

Declension of хто  

	singular
nominative	хто́ xtó
genitive	кого́ kovó
dative	кому́ komú
accusative	кого́ kovó
instrumental	ке́м kém
prepositional	ко́м kóm

Ukrainian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *kъto, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷos-tod, (compare *kʷís).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xtɔ]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Hyphenation: хто

Conjunction

хто • (xto)

1. who

Pronoun

хто • (xto)

1. who (relative pronoun)
2. who (interrogative pronoun)

Declension

Declension of хто
(sg-only)

	singular
nominative	хто xto
genitive	кого́, ко́го1 kohó, kóho1
dative	кому́ komú
accusative	кого́, ко́го1 kohó, kóho1
instrumental	ким kym
locative	ко́му, кім kómu, kim
vocative	—

¹ After prepositions.

Derived terms

• хтось (xtosʹ)
• ніхто́ (nixtó)

Further reading

• Bilodid, I. K., editor (1970–1980), “хто”, in Словник української мови: в 11 т. [Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: in 11 vols] (in Ukrainian), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka