خرما

Ottoman Turkish

خرمالر

Alternative forms

• خرمه (hurma), خورما (hurma), خورمه (hurma)

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خرما (xurmâ, “date”), from Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /⁠xormā⁠/, “date”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [xuɾˈmɑ], [huɾˈmɑ]

Noun

خرما • (hurma) (definite accusative خرمایی (hurmayı), plural خرمالر (hurmalar))

1. date, the fruit of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), containing a soft, sweet pulp and enclosing a hard kernel

Derived terms

• تازه خرما (taze hurma, “fresh date”)
• خرما آغاجی (hurma ağacı, “date palm”)
• خرما صالقمی (hurma salkımı, “clump of dates”)
• خرما طاتلوسی (hurma tatlısı, “a dessert made of dates”)
• خرما طوریسی (hurma dorusu, “brown bay color in horses”)
• خرمالق (hurmalık, “plantation of date palms”)
• خرمایی (hurmayı, “date-colored”)
• طربزون خرماسی (tırabızon hurması, “silverberry”)
• عاصی خرما (ʼasî hurma, “Theban palm”)
• عاصی خرما صمغی (ʼasî hurma samğı, “bdellium”)
• قورو خرما (kuru hurma, “dry date”)

Descendants

• Turkish: hurma
• → Adyghe: хъурмэ (ꭓʷurmɛ)
• → Albanian: hurmë
• → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
• → Crimean Tatar: hurma
• → Estonian: hurmaa
• → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
  • → Romanian: curmală
• → Ido: hurmo
• → Latvian: hurma
• → Macedonian: урма (urma)
• → Polish: hurma
• → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма

  Latin script: hurma, ùrma

• → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
• → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

Further reading

click to expand

• Barbier de Meynard, Charles (1881) “خرما”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, volume I, Paris: E. Leroux, page 696
• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hurma”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2008
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “خرما”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎^[1], Vienna: F. Beck, page 208a
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “خرما”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎^[2], Constantinople: Mihran, page 537
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Dactylus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎^[3], Vienna, column 319
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “خرما”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎^[4], Vienna, column 1886
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “hurma”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “خرما”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎^[5], Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 841

Persian

FWOTD – 23 July 2016

Etymology

From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (T^g) / [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk' /⁠xormā⁠/, “date”), possibly from earlier *harmāw. The logogram is from Aramaic 𐡕𐡌𐡓𐡉𐡍 pl (tmryn, “dates”).

Compare Parthian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwlmʾk /⁠xurmāg⁠/) and [Book Pahlavi needed] (T^g /⁠*amrāw⁠/), both forms appeared in Draxt ī Āsūrīg. The former is from Middle Persian. For reading of the latter, compare Manichaean Parthian [Manichaean needed] (ʾmrʾw /⁠amrāw⁠/) and Old Armenian արմաւ (armaw) (see Korn).

Akin to Kumzari أرما (“date (fruit)”), Baluchi هرماگ (hurmág, “date; fully ripe date fruit”). Compare also Sanskrit खर्जु (kharju) (wild date tree).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): [xuɾ.ˈmɑː]

 

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]

• (Dari, formal) IPA^(key): [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]
  • (Kabuli) IPA^(key): [xʊɾ.mɑ́ː]
  • (Hazaragi) IPA^(key): [xuɾ.mɔ́ː]

• (Iran, formal) IPA^(key): [xoɹ.mɒ́ː]

• (Tajik, formal) IPA^(key): [χuɾ.mɔ́]

Readings
Classical reading?	xurmā
Dari reading?	xurmā
Iranian reading?	xormâ
Tajik reading?	xurmo

Noun

Dari	خرما
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хурмо

خرما • (xormâ or xurmâ) (plural خرماها (xormâ-hâ))

1. date (fruit)
   • 940-1020, Ferdowsi, Shahnameh

     بکن کار و کرده بیزدان سپار
     بخرما چه یازی چو ترسی ز خار

     bokon kâr u karda ba-yazdân sepâr
     ba-xormâ če yâzi ču tarsi ze xâr

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

• خرمالو (xormâlu, “persimmon”)

Descendants

• Tajik: хурмо (xurmo)
  • → Uzbek: xurmo
• → Bengali: খোরমা (khorma)
• → Chagatai: خرما (hurma)
  • Uyghur: خورما (xorma)
• → Georgian: ხურმა (xurma)
• → Gujarati: ખુરમો (khurmo)
• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: ख़ुरमा (xurmā)

  Urdu: خرما (xurmā)

• → Kazakh: құрма (qūrma)
• → Kipchak: قرما (kurma)
• → Central Kurdish: خورما (xurma)
  • → Hulaulá: xurma
• → Northern Kurdish: xurme
  • → Lishana Deni: כורמא (xurma)
• → Kyrgyz: курма (kurma)
• → Malay: kurma
  • Indonesian: kurma
• → Middle Armenian: խուրմայ (xurmay)
  • Armenian: խուրմա (xurma)
• → Punjabi: ਖੁਰਮਾ (khurmā)
• → Turkmen: hurma
• → Old Anatolian Turkish: خرما (hurma) (11th–15th c.)
  • Azerbaijani: xurma
  • Ottoman Turkish: خرما (hurma), خرمه (hurma), خورما (hurma), خورمه (hurma)
    • Turkish: hurma
    • → Adyghe: хъурмэ (ꭓʷurmɛ)
    • → Albanian: hurmë
    • → Belarusian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
    • → Bulgarian: фурма́ (furmá, “persimmon”)
    • → Crimean Tatar: hurma
    • → Estonian: hurmaa
    • → Greek: χουρμάς (chourmás)
      • → Romanian: curmală
    • → Ido: hurmo
    • → Latvian: hurma
    • → Macedonian: урма (urma)
    • → Polish: hurma
    • → Russian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)
    • → Serbo-Croatian:

      Cyrillic script: хурма, у̀рма

      Latin script: hurma, ùrma

    • → Tatar: хөрмә (xörmä, “persimmon”)
    • → Ukrainian: хурма́ (xurmá, “persimmon”)

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “xormā”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 94
• Henning. W. B. (1950), "A Pahlavi Poem", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 13, No. 3., page 645
• Korn, Agnes (2013) “Final troubles: Armenian stem classes and the word-end in Late Old Persian”, in Toxtasʹjev S. R., Lurʹje P. B., editors, Commentationes Iranicae. Sbornik statej k 90-letiju Vladimira Aronoviča Livšica‎^[6], Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istorija, →ISBN, page 81, note 39:

  HENNING (1950, p. 645) notes that the Pth. form is amrāw as seen in “Man. ʾmrʾw, against Arm. armav”, and thus reads amrāw for the Arameogram Tg in the Draxt ī Asūrīg while MACIUSZAK (2007, p. 65, 125, 184) reads (the NP form) xormā on account of <hwlmʾk> occuring ^[sic] some lines later in the text. ʾmrʾw is found in the unpublished fragment M 171 II R 10 (Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, pers. comm.). The relevant part of the fragment is partially broken off, though (see the photo at http://www.bbaw.de/forschung/turfanforschung/dta/m/images/m0171_seite2.jpg).

• «КОРБУРДИ ВОЖАҲОИ ПОРТӢ ДАР ЗАБОНИ ФОРСИИ МИЁНА», Номаи пажӯҳишгоҳ, №1, 2001, с. 10-19. «портӣ amrāw=xurmāg «хурмо» (<harmāw =armāw [Hubschmann 1895, 111; Периханян1973, 440]."»