갈닦다

Korean

Etymology

갈 (gal-, “to hone”) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈka̠(ː)ɭda̠k̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [갈(ː)닥따]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	galdakda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	galdakkda
McCune–Reischauer?	kaldakta
Yale Romanization?	kāltakkta

Verb

갈닦다 • (galdakda) (infinitive 갈닦아, sequential 갈닦으니) (transitive)

1. to rub, to polish (a stone or jade)
2. Synonym of 갈고닦다 (galgodakda, “to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)”)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 갈닦다 (galdakda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	갈닦는다 galdangneunda	갈닦아 galdakka	갈닦아요 galdakkayo	갈닦습니다 galdakseumnida
	Past	갈닦았다 galdakkatda	갈닦았어 galdakkasseo	갈닦았어요 galdakkasseoyo	갈닦았습니다 galdakkatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	갈닦느냐 galdangneunya	갈닦아 galdakka	갈닦아요 galdakkayo	갈닦습니까 galdakseumnikka
	Past	갈닦았느냐 galdakkanneunya	갈닦았어 galdakkasseo	갈닦았어요 galdakkasseoyo	갈닦았습니까 galdakkatseumnikka
Hortative		갈닦자 galdakja	갈닦아 galdakka	갈닦아요 galdakkayo	갈닦으십시다 galdakkeusipsida
Imperative		갈닦아라 galdakkara	갈닦아 galdakka	갈닦아요 galdakkayo	갈닦읍시오 galdakkeupsio
Assertive		갈닦겠다 galdakgetda	갈닦겠어 galdakgesseo	갈닦겠어요 galdakgesseoyo	갈닦겠습니다 galdakgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		갈닦아 galdakka	갈닦아서 galdakkaseo	갈닦으니 galdakkeuni	갈닦으니까 galdakkeunikka
Contrast		갈닦지만 galdakjiman	갈닦는데 galdangneunde	갈닦더니 galdakdeoni
Conjunction		갈닦고 galdakgo
Condition		갈닦으면 galdakkeumyeon	갈닦아야 galdakkaya
Motive		갈닦으려고 galdakkeuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		갈닦음 galdakkeum	갈닦기 galdakgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈닦았음 galdakkasseum	갈닦았기 galdakkatgi
Determiners	Past	갈닦은 galdakkeun
	Present	갈닦는 galdangneun
	Future	갈닦을 galdakkeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	갈닦으신다 galdakkeusinda	갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo	갈닦으세요, 갈닦으셔요 galdakkeuseyo, galdakkeusyeoyo	갈닦으십니다 galdakkeusimnida
	Past	갈닦으셨다 galdakkeusyeotda	갈닦으셨어 galdakkeusyeosseo	갈닦으셨어요 galdakkeusyeosseoyo	갈닦으셨습니다 galdakkeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	갈닦으시느냐 galdakkeusineunya	갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo	갈닦으세요, 갈닦으셔요 galdakkeuseyo, galdakkeusyeoyo	갈닦으십니까 galdakkeusimnikka
	Past	갈닦으셨느냐 galdakkeusyeonneunya	갈닦으셨어 galdakkeusyeosseo	갈닦으셨어요 galdakkeusyeosseoyo	갈닦으셨습니까 galdakkeusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		갈닦으시라 galdakkeusira	갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo	갈닦으세요 galdakkeuseyo	갈닦으십시오 galdakkeusipsio
Assertive		갈닦으시겠다 galdakkeusigetda	갈닦으시겠어 galdakkeusigesseo	갈닦으시겠어요 galdakkeusigesseoyo	갈닦으시겠습니다 galdakkeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		갈닦으셔 galdakkeusyeo	갈닦으셔서 galdakkeusyeoseo	갈닦으시니 galdakkeusini	갈닦으시니까 galdakkeusinikka
Contrast		갈닦으시지만 galdakkeusijiman	갈닦으시는데 galdakkeusineunde	갈닦으시더니 galdakkeusideoni
Conjunction		갈닦으시고 galdakkeusigo
Condition		갈닦으시면 galdakkeusimyeon	갈닦으셔야 galdakkeusyeoya
Motive		갈닦으시려고 galdakkeusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		갈닦으심 galdakkeusim	갈닦으시기 galdakkeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈닦으셨음 galdakkeusyeosseum	갈닦으셨기 galdakkeusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	갈닦으신 galdakkeusin
	Present	갈닦으시는 galdakkeusineun
	Future	갈닦으실 galdakkeusil