갈고닦다

Korean

Etymology

갈 (gal-, “to hone”)+ 고 (-go, “and”, connective suffix) + 닦다 (dakda, “to polish”).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈka̠(ː)ɭɡo̞da̠k̚t͈a̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [갈(ː)고닥따]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	galgodakda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	galgodakkda
McCune–Reischauer?	kalgodakta
Yale Romanization?	kāl.kotakkta

Verb

갈고닦다 • (galgodakda) (infinitive 갈고닦아, sequential 갈고닦으니)

1. (transitive) to hone, to cultivate, to develop, to improve (a skill, talent, ability, etc.)

   Synonym: 갈닦다 (galdakda)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 갈고닦다 (galgodakda): consonant-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	갈고닦는다 galgodangneunda	갈고닦아 galgodakka	갈고닦아요 galgodakkayo	갈고닦습니다 galgodakseumnida
	Past	갈고닦았다 galgodakkatda	갈고닦았어 galgodakkasseo	갈고닦았어요 galgodakkasseoyo	갈고닦았습니다 galgodakkatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	갈고닦느냐 galgodangneunya	갈고닦아 galgodakka	갈고닦아요 galgodakkayo	갈고닦습니까 galgodakseumnikka
	Past	갈고닦았느냐 galgodakkanneunya	갈고닦았어 galgodakkasseo	갈고닦았어요 galgodakkasseoyo	갈고닦았습니까 galgodakkatseumnikka
Hortative		갈고닦자 galgodakja	갈고닦아 galgodakka	갈고닦아요 galgodakkayo	갈고닦으십시다 galgodakkeusipsida
Imperative		갈고닦아라 galgodakkara	갈고닦아 galgodakka	갈고닦아요 galgodakkayo	갈고닦읍시오 galgodakkeupsio
Assertive		갈고닦겠다 galgodakgetda	갈고닦겠어 galgodakgesseo	갈고닦겠어요 galgodakgesseoyo	갈고닦겠습니다 galgodakgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		갈고닦아 galgodakka	갈고닦아서 galgodakkaseo	갈고닦으니 galgodakkeuni	갈고닦으니까 galgodakkeunikka
Contrast		갈고닦지만 galgodakjiman	갈고닦는데 galgodangneunde	갈고닦더니 galgodakdeoni
Conjunction		갈고닦고 galgodakgo
Condition		갈고닦으면 galgodakkeumyeon	갈고닦아야 galgodakkaya
Motive		갈고닦으려고 galgodakkeuryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		갈고닦음 galgodakkeum	갈고닦기 galgodakgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈고닦았음 galgodakkasseum	갈고닦았기 galgodakkatgi
Determiners	Past	갈고닦은 galgodakkeun
	Present	갈고닦는 galgodangneun
	Future	갈고닦을 galgodakkeul

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	갈고닦으신다 galgodakkeusinda	갈고닦으셔 galgodakkeusyeo	갈고닦으세요, 갈고닦으셔요 galgodakkeuseyo, galgodakkeusyeoyo	갈고닦으십니다 galgodakkeusimnida
	Past	갈고닦으셨다 galgodakkeusyeotda	갈고닦으셨어 galgodakkeusyeosseo	갈고닦으셨어요 galgodakkeusyeosseoyo	갈고닦으셨습니다 galgodakkeusyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	갈고닦으시느냐 galgodakkeusineunya	갈고닦으셔 galgodakkeusyeo	갈고닦으세요, 갈고닦으셔요 galgodakkeuseyo, galgodakkeusyeoyo	갈고닦으십니까 galgodakkeusimnikka
	Past	갈고닦으셨느냐 galgodakkeusyeonneunya	갈고닦으셨어 galgodakkeusyeosseo	갈고닦으셨어요 galgodakkeusyeosseoyo	갈고닦으셨습니까 galgodakkeusyeotseumnikka
Imperative		갈고닦으시라 galgodakkeusira	갈고닦으셔 galgodakkeusyeo	갈고닦으세요 galgodakkeuseyo	갈고닦으십시오 galgodakkeusipsio
Assertive		갈고닦으시겠다 galgodakkeusigetda	갈고닦으시겠어 galgodakkeusigesseo	갈고닦으시겠어요 galgodakkeusigesseoyo	갈고닦으시겠습니다 galgodakkeusigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		갈고닦으셔 galgodakkeusyeo	갈고닦으셔서 galgodakkeusyeoseo	갈고닦으시니 galgodakkeusini	갈고닦으시니까 galgodakkeusinikka
Contrast		갈고닦으시지만 galgodakkeusijiman	갈고닦으시는데 galgodakkeusineunde	갈고닦으시더니 galgodakkeusideoni
Conjunction		갈고닦으시고 galgodakkeusigo
Condition		갈고닦으시면 galgodakkeusimyeon	갈고닦으셔야 galgodakkeusyeoya
Motive		갈고닦으시려고 galgodakkeusiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		갈고닦으심 galgodakkeusim	갈고닦으시기 galgodakkeusigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈고닦으셨음 galgodakkeusyeosseum	갈고닦으셨기 galgodakkeusyeotgi
Determiners	Past	갈고닦으신 galgodakkeusin
	Present	갈고닦으시는 galgodakkeusineun
	Future	갈고닦으실 galgodakkeusil