-аад

Mongolian

Alternative forms

• -гаад (-gaad) – stems ending in a long vowel or diphthong
• -иад (-iad) – stems ending in и or ь

Etymology 1

Mongolian	Cyrillic
᠊ᠭᠠᠳ (-ɣad)	-аад (-aad)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaːt/
• Syllabification: аад (1 syllable)

Suffix

-аад • (-aad)

1. Used to mark the perfective converb.

   Ээж босоод галын өрөөнд оров. ― Eež bosood galyn öröönd orov. ― Mother got up and walked into the kitchen.

Usage notes

• This suffix is used to mark a verb that occurs just before a following matrix verb.

Inflection

Vowel harmonic forms of -аад 

	back vowel	front vowel
unrounded	-аад -aad	-ээд -eed
rounded	-оод -ood	-өөд -ööd

Etymology 2

Mongolian	Cyrillic
᠊ᠭᠠᠳ (-ɣad)	-аад (-aad)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaːt/
• Syllabification: аад (1 syllable)

Suffix

-аад • (-aad)

1. Marks the distributive form of small numerals.

   дөрвөөд ― dörvööd ― four each

2. Marks the approximative form of larger numerals.

   арваад. ― arvaad. ― About ten.

   Монголд 1950-иад. ― Mongold 1950-iad. ― In Mongolia in the 1950s.

Inflection

Vowel harmonic forms of -аад 

	back vowel	front vowel
unrounded	-аад -aad	-ээд -eed
rounded	-оод -ood	-өөд -ööd

Etymology 3

Mongolian	Cyrillic
ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡ (-ögede)	-аад (-aad)

From the development of өөд (ööd, “up”) into a suffix.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈaːt/
• Syllabification: аад (1 syllable)

Suffix

-аад • (-aad)

1. (colloquial) Marks the directive case.

   Synonym: руу (ruu)

Usage notes

• Generally equivalent to the English term up to.

Inflection

Vowel harmonic forms of -аад 

	back vowel	front vowel
unrounded	-аад -aad	-ээд -eed
rounded	-оод -ood	-өөд -ööd

References

• Kullman, Rita, & Tserenpil, D. Mongolian Grammar, →ISBN.