-NAʼ
Navajo
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Athabaskan *na (“to live, to move, to work”). Related to -NÁÁʼ (“to move”) and to -NÁÁD (“to last”). Maybe originating in several distinct roots.
Cognate root found in Ahtna ghetnaa (“he is working”), Chipewyan ɣɛna (“he is alive”), Carrier nelnaʼ (“to be slow, sluggish”).
Root
edit-NAʼ
1. to live
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hi + ∅ | adjectival |
S is alive
|
|||||
hi + ∅ |
S comes to life |
S brings O to life, generates O
|
2. to last, to endure (supplies)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + ∅ | operative | S lasts |
3. to act slowly
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
di + l | motion? | S acts slowly
|
Stem set
editAspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -naah | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naah |
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
NEUT | -ná | — | — | — | — |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
editAntonyms
editDerived terms
editNavajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (live)
Navajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (act slowly)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Athabaskan *nə̓q’ (“to swallow”).
Cognate root found in Ahtna itełnaʼ (“he swallowed it”).
Root
edit-NAʼ
- to swallow, to regurgitate, to choke
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O + ł | motion |
S swallows
|
|||||
ni + l | ? |
S chokes
|
Stem set
editAspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DUR / CONT | -naʼ | -naʼ | -naah | -naał | -naʼ |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
editDerived terms
editNavajo terms belonging to the root -NAʼ (swallow)
Etymology 3
editFrom Proto-Athabaskan *nəɢ, with a wide semantic range including “a flat flexible object (as sheets) moves”, “to last, to endure, to become tired”.
Compare with -NAʼ above for the meaning "to last, to endure".
Cognate root found in Ahtna naghinak (“(a blanket) fell down”), łdaniniłnak (“it lasted a long time”), taatnak (“he is tired”).
Root
edit-NAʼ
1. FFO moves, falls (blanket, surface of water)
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∅ | motion |
FFO moves
|
|||||
∅ | successive |
FFO flaps, bounces
|
|||||
di + ł | ? |
S infects P |
|||||
ni + ł | motion? |
S lasts, runs out; S wilts, tires out |
Theme | Category | Bases | Transitive bases (O + ł) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
d | motion |
S crawls |
S stands O up |
Stem set
editAspect | IMP | PERF | FUT | ITER | OPT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MOM | -nééh | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
CONT | -nah | -naʼ | -nah | -nah | -nééh |
REP | -nah | — | — | — | — |
SEM | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah | -nah |
See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.
Synonyms
editto crawl, to creep:
to wilt:
to last, to endure:
- -NAʼ (live)
to run out, to exhaust: