Appendix:Finnish nominal inflection/kala
| KOTUS type 9 (kala) | NSK type 10 (kala) |
|---|
Two-syllable nominals, first vowel a/e/i, ending with -a (not -ä); consonant gradation possible.
-a of stem changes to -o- before plural marker -i-. Partitive ending -a and genitive plural ending -en.
Basic declension without consonant gradationEdit
| Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | kala | kalat | |
| genitive | kalan | kalojen | |
| partitive | kalaa | kaloja | |
| illative | kalaan | kaloihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | kala | kalat | |
| accusative | nom. | kala | kalat |
| gen. | kalan | ||
| genitive | kalan | kalojen kalainrare | |
| partitive | kalaa | kaloja | |
| inessive | kalassa | kaloissa | |
| elative | kalasta | kaloista | |
| illative | kalaan | kaloihin | |
| adessive | kalalla | kaloilla | |
| ablative | kalalta | kaloilta | |
| allative | kalalle | kaloille | |
| essive | kalana | kaloina | |
| translative | kalaksi | kaloiksi | |
| instructive | — | kaloin | |
| abessive | kalatta | kaloitta | |
| comitative | — | kaloineen | |
| Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/kala (type kala) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | kalani | kalamme |
| 2nd person | kalasi | kalanne |
| 3rd person | kalansa | |
Consonant gradationEdit
SummaryEdit
| KOTUS | *A | *B | *C | *D | *E | *F | *G | *H | *I | *J | *K | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| grade | kk → k | pp → p | tt → t | k → ∅ | p → v | t → d | nk → ng | mp → mm | lt → ll | nt → nn | rt → rr | dd → d | |
| nominative | strong | markka | kauppa | mitta | lika | halpa | rauta | lanka | kampa | ilta | ranta | parta | Vedda |
| genitive | weak | markan | kaupan | mitan | lian | halvan | raudan | langan | kamman | illan | rannan | parran | Vedan |
| partitive | strong | markkaa | kauppaa | mittaa | likaa | halpaa | rautaa | lankaa | kampaa | iltaa | rantaa | partaa | Veddaa |
| elative | weak | markasta | kaupasta | mitasta | liasta | halvasta | raudasta | langasta | kammasta | illasta | rannasta | parrasta | Vedasta |
| illative | strong | markkaan | kauppaan | mittaan | likaan | halpaan | rautaan | lankaan | kampaan | iltaan | rantaan | partaan | Veddaan |
Complete declension example with consonant gradation (t → d)Edit
| Inflection of Finnish nominal inflection/kala (Kotus type 9*F/kala, t-d gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | rauta | raudat | |
| genitive | raudan | rautojen | |
| partitive | rautaa | rautoja | |
| illative | rautaan | rautoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | rauta | raudat | |
| accusative | nom. | rauta | raudat |
| gen. | raudan | ||
| genitive | raudan | rautojen rautainrare | |
| partitive | rautaa | rautoja | |
| inessive | raudassa | raudoissa | |
| elative | raudasta | raudoista | |
| illative | rautaan | rautoihin | |
| adessive | raudalla | raudoilla | |
| ablative | raudalta | raudoilta | |
| allative | raudalle | raudoille | |
| essive | rautana | rautoina | |
| translative | raudaksi | raudoiksi | |
| instructive | — | raudoin | |
| abessive | raudatta | raudoitta | |
| comitative | — | rautoineen | |
| Possessive forms of Finnish nominal inflection/kala (type kala) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | rautani | rautamme |
| 2nd person | rautasi | rautanne |
| 3rd person | rautansa | |