Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/ka-

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka/

Prefix

*ka-

1. (Formosa) inchoative
2. stative
3. past time
4. accompanied action/person
5. abstract noun formative
6. manner in which an action is carried out
7. past participle

Descendants

• Formosan
  • Bunun: ka-
  • Puyuma: ka- (“stative marker”)
  • Rukai: (Mantauran) ka- (“in fact, indeed, actually”)
  • Saisiyat: ka- (“verb nominalization marker”)
  • Thao: ka- (“to make; two times”)
• Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *ka-
  • Proto-Philippine:
    • Batanic
      • Yami: ka- (“company, as ... as, abstract noun; and then, just now, only; stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs; very (reduplicated root); animals named after certain features (reduplicated root)”)
    • Greater Central Philippine
      • Central Philippine
        • Tagalog: ka-
        • Coastal Bikol
          • Bikol Central: ka-
        • Bisayan/Visayan
          • Cebuano: ka-
  • Western Indonesian
    • Greater North Borneo
      • Proto-Malayic:
        • Malayic
          • Malay: ke-
            • Indonesian: ke-
          • Minangkabau: ka-
      • Old Sundanese:
        • Sundanese: ᮊ- (ka-)
    • Madurese:
      • Kangean: ka-
    • Old Javanese: ka-
      • Javanese: k-, ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)
  • Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
    • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
      • Proto-Oceanic:
        • Micronesian
          • Central Micronesian
            • Mokilese: ka-