Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stīfaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *stéypos, from Proto-Indo-European *steyp- (“stiff, erect”). Related to Latin stīpō (“to compress”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstiː.ɸɑz/

Adjective

*stīfaz

stiff, rigid

Inflection

Declension of *stīfaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*stīfaz	*stīfai	*stīfō	*stīfôz	*stīfą, -atō	*stīfō
Accusative	*stīfanǭ	*stīfanz	*stīfǭ	*stīfōz	*stīfą, -atō	*stīfō
Genitive	*stīfas, -is	*stīfaizǫ̂	*stīfaizōz	*stīfaizǫ̂	*stīfas, -is	*stīfaizǫ̂
Dative	*stīfammai	*stīfaimaz	*stīfaizōi	*stīfaimaz	*stīfammai	*stīfaimaz
Instrumental	*stīfanō	*stīfaimiz	*stīfaizō	*stīfaimiz	*stīfanō	*stīfaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*stīfô	*stīfaniz	*stīfǭ	*stīfōniz	*stīfô	*stīfōnō
Accusative	*stīfanų	*stīfanunz	*stīfōnų	*stīfōnunz	*stīfô	*stīfōnō
Genitive	*stīfiniz	*stīfanǫ̂	*stīfōniz	*stīfōnǫ̂	*stīfiniz	*stīfanǫ̂
Dative	*stīfini	*stīfammaz	*stīfōni	*stīfōmaz	*stīfini	*stīfammaz
Instrumental	*stīfinē	*stīfammiz	*stīfōnē	*stīfōmiz	*stīfinē	*stīfammiz

Derived terms

*stīfijaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *stīf
- Old English: stīf
  - Middle English: stīf
    - English: stiff
    - Scots: stif, stiff, steif
- Old Frisian: stīf, stēf
  - Saterland Frisian: stieuw
  - West Frisian: stiif
- Old Saxon: *stīf
  - Middle Low German: stīf
    - Low German: stief
    - Plautdietsch: stiew
    - → Danish: stiv
    - → Swedish: styv
    - → Norwegian: stiv
    - → Norn: stiv
    - → Icelandic: stífur
    - → Elfdalian: styv
    - → Gutnish: steivar, steivur
- Old Dutch: *stīf
  - Middle Dutch: stijf
    - Dutch: stijf
      - Afrikaans: styf
    - Limburgish: sjtief
- Old High German: *stīf
  - Middle High German: stīf
    - German: steif
    - Hunsrik: steif
    - Luxembourgish: steif
→? Finnish: tiivis