Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁léngʰus

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *h₁lengʷʰ- (“lightweight”) +‎ *-us (Caland system suffix).

Adjective

*h₁léngʰus

1. lightweight

   Antonym: *gʷréh₂us

2. easy (moving), nimble

Inflection

Older proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁léngʰus	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁léngʰus	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰewes
vocative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰewes
accusative	*h₁léngʰum	*h₁léngʰuh₁(e)	*h₁léngʰums
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂bʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mos, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂bʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂mis, *h₁ln̥gʰuyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
vocative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
accusative	*h₁léngʰu	*h₁léngʰwih₁	*h₁léngʰuh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúmis, *h₁ln̥gʷʰúbʰis

Later hysterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰús	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰús	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúes
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúes
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúm	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúms
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂es
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂h₁(e)	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwih₂m̥s
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂oHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂s	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂bʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂ey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂bʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂i	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂su
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂h₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂mis, *h₁ln̥gʷʰuyéh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
vocative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
accusative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰú	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúyh₁	*h₁ln̥gʷʰúh₂
genitive	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwoHom
ablative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéws	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰos
dative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwey	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmos, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰos
locative	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéw, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwi	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwsu
instrumental	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwh₁	*?	*h₁ln̥gʷʰéwmis, *h₁ln̥gʷʰéwbʰis

Descendants

• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *lengus ~ *lingus
  • Latvian: liêgs (“gentle”)
  • Lithuanian: leñgvas, lengvùs
  • Proto-Slavic: *lьgъkъ (< Pre-Slavic *lingu-kos)
• Proto-Celtic: *legus, *lagus
  • Proto-Brythonic:
    • Welsh: llaw (“small, low, sad”) (< *lagwos)
    • Breton: law (“miserable, bad”)
• Proto-Hellenic: *eləkʰús
  • Ancient Greek: ἐλαχύς (elakhús, “small”)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hlagʰúš (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *leɣʷis (with possible contamination from *breɣʷis)
  • Latin: levis (see there for further descendants)