Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/griHwáH

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂

Proto-Indo-Iranian *griHwáH

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷriHwéh₂.

Noun

*griHwáH f^[1]

(anatomy) neck, throat

Declension

aH-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*griHwáH	*griHwáy	*griHwā́s
vocative	*griHway	*griHwáy	*griHwā́s
accusative	*griHwā́m	*griHwáy	*griHwā́s
instrumental	*griHwáyaH́	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰiš
ablative	*griHwáyaHs	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰyas
dative	*griHwáyaHy	*griHwáHbʰyā(m)	*griHwáHbʰyas
genitive	*griHwáyaHs	*griHwāyās	*griHwáHnām
locative	*griHwáyaH(m)	*griHwāyaw	*griHwáHsu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *griHwáH
- Sanskrit: ग्रीवा (grīvā́)
  - Pali: gīvā
  - Prakrit: 𑀕𑀻𑀯𑀸 (gīvā)
    - Old Hindi: गिउ (giu), गिव (giva), गिय (giya), गीव (gīva)
Proto-Iranian: *griHwáH
- Avestan: 𐬔𐬭𐬍𐬎𐬎𐬁 (grīuuā)
- Pashto: ګروه (grë́wa), ګروې (grë́we), ګرېوه (gréwá)
- Middle Persian: (/⁠grīw⁠/)^[2]
  Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (CWLE), [Book Pahlavi needed] (glyw')
  - Classical Persian: گری (garī, “neck”) ^[3]
- ⇒ Proto-Iranian: *griHwáHnah (“neck, collar”)
  - Pashto: گرېوان (grewā́n), گرېبان (grebā́n)
  - ⇒ Middle Persian:
    Book Pahlavi: [script needed] (glywbʾn' /⁠grīwbān⁠/, “neck-guard”)
    - Persian: گریبان (geribân, garibân, “collar”)^[4]
      - → Hindi: गरेबान (garebān)
      - → Urdu: گریبان (girebān)
    - → Ancient Greek: κλί̄βανον (klí̄banon, “cuirass”) [since the 4^th century] ^[5]
      - ⇒ Ancient Greek: κλῑβανάριος (klībanários, “cuirassier”) [since the 4^th century] (or from a Middle Persian *grīwbānvar)
    - → Latin: clībanum (“cuirass”) [since the 4^th century]
      - ⇒ Latin: clībanārius (“cuirassier”) [since the 4^th century]
  - → Old Armenian: գրապան (grapan), գրապանակ (grapanak)
    - Middle Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
      - → Armenian: գրպան (grpan)
Proto-Nuristani: *grīwí (“collar, neck”) (< *griHwíyaH)
- Northern Nuristani:
  - Kamkata-viri:
    Kamviri: géř
    
    Kativiri: gřë́k, gë́ř
  - Prasuni: gīk
- Southern Nuristani:
  - Ashkun: gřṓṛ
  - Waigali: grëv

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press
^ Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “گری”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press
^ Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “گریبان”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
^ Rundgren, Frithiof (1957) “Über einige iranische Lehnwörter im Lateinischen und Griechischen”, in Orientalia Suecana‎^[1], volume 6, pages 31–51

[1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[2] MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press

[3] Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–) “گری”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press

[4] Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “گریبان”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul

[5] Rundgren, Frithiof (1957) “Über einige iranische Lehnwörter im Lateinischen und Griechischen”, in Orientalia Suecana‎^[1], volume 6, pages 31–51

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