Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/wišás

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wisós.

Noun

*wišás m

1. poison, venom

Declension

masculine a-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*wišás	*wišā́	*wišā́, -ā́s(as)
vocative	*wiša	*wišā́	*wišā́, -ā́s(as)
accusative	*wišám	*wišā́	*wišā́ns
instrumental	*wišā́	*wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*wišā́yš
ablative	*wišā́t	*wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*wišáybʰyas
dative	*wišā́y	*wišáybʰyaH, -ā́bʰyām	*wišáybʰyas
genitive	*wišásya	*wišáyās	*wišā́na(H)m
locative	*wišáy	*wišáyaw	*wišáyšu

Descendants

• Proto-Indo-Aryan: *wíṣas
  • Sanskrit: विष (víṣa)
    • Pali: visa
    • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀯𑀺𑀲 (visa)
    • → Hindi: विष (viṣ) (borrowed from Sanskrit)
    • Bengali: বিষ (biś)
• Proto-Iranian: *wíšah
  • Avestan: 𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬀 (viša)
    • → Persian: ویش (viš, “virus”)
  • Old Persian:
    • Middle Persian:
      • > Middle Persian: 𐭥(𐭩)𐭱 (w(y)š /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
      • > Manichaean Middle Persian: 𐫇𐫏𐫢 (wyš /⁠wiš⁠/, “poison”)
        • Persian: بیش (biš, “poison”), گش (goš, “bile, phlegm; poison”)
• Proto-Nuristani: *wī́ša (< earlier *wī́sa < *wíHsas)
  • Northern Nuristani:
    • Kamkata-viri:

      Kamviri: víš

      Kativiri: víš

    • Prasuni: ǘšu
  • Southern Nuristani:
    • Ashkun: yós
    • Waigali: viš
• → Proto-Uralic: *wiša (“poison, gall, green”)
  • Western Mari: ыжар (yžar, “green”)
  • Eastern Mari: ужар (užar, “green”)
  • Proto-Mordvinic:
    • Erzya: ожо (ožo, “yellow”)
  • Proto-Permic:
    • Komi:
      • Komi-Permyak: веж (vež)
      • Komi-Zyrian: веж (vež)
    • Udmurt: вож (vož)
  • Proto-Finnic: *viha (“poison”), *viherä (“green”) (see there for further descendants)