Proto-Iranian
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Etymology
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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *wŕ̥kas, from Proto-Indo-European *wĺ̥kʷos. Cognate with Sanskrit वृक (vṛ́ka).
*wŕ̥kah m
- wolf
Inflection
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masculine a-stem
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singular
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dual
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plural
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nominative
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*wŕ̥kah
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*wŕ̥kā
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*wŕ̥kā
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vocative
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*wŕ̥ka
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*wŕ̥kā
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*wŕ̥kā
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accusative
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*wŕ̥kam
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*wŕ̥kā
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*wŕ̥kānh
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instrumental
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*wŕ̥kā
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*wŕ̥kaybyaH
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*wŕ̥kāyš
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ablative
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*wŕ̥kāt
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*wŕ̥kaybyaH
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*wŕ̥kaybyah
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dative
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*wŕ̥kāy
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*wŕ̥kaybyaH
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*wŕ̥kaybyah
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genitive
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*wŕ̥kahya
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*wŕ̥kayāh
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*wŕ̥kānam
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locative
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*wŕ̥kay
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*wŕ̥kayaw
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*wŕ̥kayšu
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Derived terms
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- *Wŕ̥kānah (“mythical founder of Narts”)
- Avestan: 𐬬𐬆𐬵𐬭𐬐𐬁𐬥𐬀 (vəhrkāna)
- Ossetian: Уӕрхӕг (Wærxæg)
- Parthian: 𐭅𐭓𐭊𐭍 (wrkn /Wurgān/)
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 (v-r-k-a-n /Varkāna/)
- Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 (gʿlgʾn /Gurgān/)
- → Ancient Greek: Ὑρκανία (Hurkanía) (see there for further descendants)
- → Old Armenian: Վրկան (Vrkan)
Descendants
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- Central Iranian:
- Northeastern Iranian:
- Khotanese: 𐨦𐨁𐨪𐨿𐨒𐨿𐨒 (birgga-)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
- Khwarezmian: وریک (wry̆k)
- Proto-Sogdic:
- Sogdian: (/wirk, wərk/)
- Sogdian script: 𐼴𐼷𐽀𐼸 (wyrk)
- Syriac script: ܘܝܪܩ (wyrq)
- Yagnobi: урк (urk)
- Southeastern Iranian:
- Pashto: لېوه (lewə́), لیوه (lēwə́) (*wr̥kah > *wr̥a >*r̥wa >*l̥wa)
- Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
- Ishkashimi: [script needed] (urk)
- Sanglechi: [script needed] (wurk)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
- Yidgha: ورغ (wurγ)
- Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami: *wərḱ
- Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: گرک (gurk), گورگ (gwarg)
- Kurdish:
- Central Kurdish: گورگ (gurg), وورگ (wurg)
- Laki: گوِرگ (gwirg)
- Northern Kurdish: gur, gurg, wirg
- Southern Kurdish: گوِرگ (gwirg)
- Medo-Parthian:
- Caspian
- Gilaki: ورگ (vərg), گۊرگ (gorg)
- Old Mazanderani: ورگ (werg)
- Mazanderani: ورگ (vərg, vorg)
- Proto-Komisenian:
- Old Median:
- Old Azari: *ورگ (*wurg)
- Karingani: ورگ (vorg)
- Harzani: ورگ (vorg)
- Tafreshi:
- Amorehi: ورک (vork)
- Ashtiani: ورگ (verg)
- Vafsi: ورگ (vorg)
- Talysh: (/varg/)
- Arabic script: ورگ
- Latin script: vərg
- Parthian: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg /gurg/)
- Proto-Zaza-Gorani:
- Southwest Iranian:
- Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣 (v-r-k /vr̥kaʰ/)
- Middle Persian: (/gurg/)
- Manichaean script: 𐫃𐫇𐫡𐫃 (gwrg)
- Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (gwlg)
- Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢 (gʿlg)
- Pazend script: 𐬔𐬎𐬭𐬔 (gurg)
- Classical Persian: گرگ (gurg)
- Dari: گرگ (gurg)
- Iranian Persian: گرگ (gorg)
- Tajik: гург (gurg)
- Lurish
- Bakhtiari: گرگ (gorg)
- Northern Luri: گؤرگ (gorg)