Reconstruction:Proto-Japonic/-(a)ru

This Proto-Japonic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

This Proto-Japonic entry contains original research. The reconstruction in this entry is based on published research, but the specific form presented here is not found in prior works.

Proto-Japonic

Etymology

In attested texts, this is attached to the form traditionally known as the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of verbs. Perhaps also existed in reconstructions such as *naru (“to be”), *maparu (“to spin”, intransitive), etc.

Suffix

*-(a)ru

1. creates a passive verb from an active one

Descendants

• Old Japanese: る (-(a)ru)
  • Japanese: れる (-(a)reru)
• Proto-Ryukyuan: *-(a)re-
  • Northern Ryukyuan:
    • Kikai: りゆい (-(a)riyui)
    • Kunigami: りん (-(a)rin)
    • Northern Amami Ōshima: るぃるり (-(a)rïruri)
    • Okinawan: りゆん (-(a)riyun)
    • Okinoerabu: りゆん (-(a)riyun)
    • Southern Amami Ōshima: りゆむっ (-(a)riyum)
    • Tokunoshima: るぃ (-(a)rï)
    • Yoron: りゅん (-(a)ryun)

Further reading

• Vovin (2020, 755-758)