る
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Japanese edit
Stroke order | |||
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Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 留 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable edit
- The hiragana syllable る (ru). Its equivalent in katakana is ル (ru). It is the forty-first syllable in the gojūon order; its position is ら行う段 (ra-gyō u-dan, “row ra, section u”).
See also edit
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐ゐ゙, 𛄟, ゑ𛅑ゑ゙, を𛅒を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
る • (-ru) godan (stem り (-ri), past った (-tta))
- (slang) A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”).
Etymology 3 edit
Contraction of いる (iru).
Verb edit
- (informal, used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)) the present progressive: to be doing
- 待ってる
- matteru
- to be waiting
- 待ってる
Etymology 4 edit
See れる.
Suffix edit
- Classical Japanese form of れる (-reru, passive suffix)
Usage notes edit
Attaches to the 未然形 (mizenkei).
Conjugation edit
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | れ | re | |
Continuative (連用形) | れ | re | |
Terminal (終止形) | る | ru | |
Attributive (連体形) | るる | ruru | |
Realis (已然形) | るれ | rure | |
Imperative (命令形) | れよ | reyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | れず | rezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | るれど | ruredo | |
Causal conjunction | るれば | rureba | |
Conditional conjunction | れば | reba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | れき | reki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | れけり | rekeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | れつ | retu | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | れぬ | renu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | れたり | retari | |
Volitional | れむ | remu |
Etymology 5 edit
Regular adnominal conjugation of verbal auxiliary suffix り (ri) indicating resulting state or completion of action.