Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ḫapar-

This Proto-Semitic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Semitic

Verb

*ḫapar-

1. to cover

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḫapar- (paʕala)

verbal noun					*ḫapr-
active participle					*ḫāpir-
passive participle					*ḫapīr-, *ḫapūr-
		singular				dual				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	*ḫaparku	*ḫaparka	*ḫapara		*ḫaparkayā	*ḫaparkā	*ḫaparā		*ḫaparna	*ḫaparkanu	*ḫaparū
	f		*ḫaparki	*ḫaparat				*ḫaparatā			*ḫaparkina	*ḫaparā
imperfect	m	*ʔaḫpir	*taḫpir	*yiḫpir		*taḫpirā	*yaḫpirā	*niḫpir		*taḫpirū	*yiḫpirū
	f		*taḫpirī	*taḫpir			*taḫpirā			*taḫpirā	*yiḫpirā
imperative	m		*ḫapir			*ḫapirā				*ḫapirū
	f		*ḫapirī							*ḫapirā

Descendants

• East Semitic:
  • Akkadian: 𒀀𒉺𒊒 (apārum, ḫapārum, “to surround, to encircle; to provide a band for a headscarf, to give a loincloth; to cover or guard”)
• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: خَفَر (ḵafar, “to guard”)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ኀፈረ (ḫäfärä, “to protect, to defend”)

Verb

*ḫapar-

1. to be shy, to be ashamed

Conjugation

Conjugation of Proto-Semitic/ḫapar- (paʕala)

verbal noun					*ḫapr-
active participle					*ḫāpir-
passive participle					*ḫapīr-, *ḫapūr-
		singular				dual				plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
perfect	m	*ḫaparku	*ḫaparka	*ḫapara		*ḫaparkayā	*ḫaparkā	*ḫaparā		*ḫaparna	*ḫaparkanu	*ḫaparū
	f		*ḫaparki	*ḫaparat				*ḫaparatā			*ḫaparkina	*ḫaparā
imperfect	m	*ʔaḫpar	*taḫpar	*yiḫpar		*taḫparā	*yaḫparā	*niḫpar		*taḫparū	*yiḫparū
	f		*taḫparī	*taḫpar			*taḫparā			*taḫparā	*yiḫparā
imperative	m		*ḫapar			*ḫaparā				*ḫaparū
	f		*ḫaparī							*ḫaparā

Descendants

• West Semitic:
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: خَفِرَ (ḵafira, “to be shy”)
  • Northwest Semitic:
    • Aramaic:
      • Classical Syriac: ܚܦܰܪ (ḥəp̄ar, “to be ashamed”)
    • Canaanite:
      • Hebrew: חָפֵר (khafér, ḥāp̄ēr, “to be ashamed”)
  • Ethiopian Semitic:
    • Ge'ez: ኀፈረ (ḫäfärä, “to be shy”)
    • Tigrinya: ኃፈረ (ḫafärä, “to be shy”)