From Proto-Balto-Slavic *kauˀ- , from Proto-Indo-European *kowh₂- , from the root *kewh₂- . Cognate with Lithuanian káuti ( “ to hew, to beat, to murder ” ) , Latvian kaût ( “ to fight ” ) , Latin cūdere ( “ to forge, to beat, to grind ” ) , Old Norse hǫggva ( “ to hew, to beat ” ) , Old High German houwan ( “ to hew, to beat ” ) , Old Irish cuad ( “ to beat, to fight ” ) .
*kovàti impf [ 1] [ 2]
to forge
Conjugation of
*kovati, *kova, *kovetь (
impf. ,
-a/C- , s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Verbal noun
Infinitive
Supine
L-participle
*kovanьje
*kovati
*kovatъ
*kovalъ
Participles
Tense
Past
Present
Passive
*kovanъ
*kovomъ
Active
*kovavъ
*kovy
Aorist
Present
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kovaxъ
*kova
*kova
*kovǫ
*koveši
*kovetь
Dual
*kovaxově
*kovasta
*kovaste
*kovevě
*koveta
*kovete
Plural
*kovaxomъ
*kovaste
*kovašę
*kovemъ
*kovete
*kovǫtь
Imperfect
Imperative
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kovaaxъ
*kovaaše
*kovaaše
—
*kovi
*kovi
Dual
*kovaaxově
*kovaašeta
*kovaašete
*kověvě
*kověta
—
Plural
*kovaaxomъ
*kovaašete
*kovaaxǫ
*kověmъ
*kověte
—
Conjugation of
*kovati, *kova, *kujetь (
impf. ,
-a/V- , s-aorist, accent paradigm c)
Verbal noun
Infinitive
Supine
L-participle
*kovanьje
*kovati
*kovatъ
*kovalъ
Participles
Tense
Past
Present
Passive
*kovanъ
*kujemъ
Active
*kovavъ
*kuję
Aorist
Present
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kovaxъ
*kova
*kova
*kujǫ
*kuješi
*kujetь
Dual
*kovaxově
*kovasta
*kovaste
*kujevě
*kujeta
*kujete
Plural
*kovaxomъ
*kovaste
*kovašę
*kujemъ
*kujete
*kujǫtь
Imperfect
Imperative
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kovaaxъ
*kovaaše
*kovaaše
—
*kuji
*kuji
Dual
*kovaaxově
*kovaašeta
*kovaašete
*kujivě
*kujita
—
Plural
*kovaaxomъ
*kovaašete
*kovaaxǫ
*kujimъ
*kujite
—
Verbal noun
Infinitive
Supine
L-participle
*kutьje
*kuti
*kutъ
*kulъ
Participles
Tense
Past
Present
Passive
*kutъ
*kovomъ
Active
*kuvъ
*kovy
Aorist
Present
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kuxъ
*ku
*ku
*kovǫ
*koveši
*kovetь
Dual
*kuxově
*kusta
*kuste
*kovevě
*koveta
*kovete
Plural
*kuxomъ
*kuste
*kušę
*kovemъ
*kovete
*kovǫtь
Imperfect
Imperative
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kověaxъ
*kověaše
*kověaše
—
*kovi
*kovi
Dual
*kověaxově
*kověašeta
*kověašete
*kověvě
*kověta
—
Plural
*kověaxomъ
*kověašete
*kověaxǫ
*kověmъ
*kověte
—
Conjugation of
*kuti, *ku, *kujetь (
impf. ,
-V- , s-aorist, accent paradigm ?)
Verbal noun
Infinitive
Supine
L-participle
*kutьje
*kuti
*kutъ
*kulъ
Participles
Tense
Past
Present
Passive
*kutъ
*kujemъ
Active
*kuvъ
*kuję
Aorist
Present
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kuxъ
*ku
*ku
*kujǫ
*kuješi
*kujetь
Dual
*kuxově
*kusta
*kuste
*kujevě
*kujeta
*kujete
Plural
*kuxomъ
*kuste
*kušę
*kujemъ
*kujete
*kujǫtь
Imperfect
Imperative
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
*kujaaxъ
*kujaaše
*kujaaše
—
*kuji
*kuji
Dual
*kujaaxově
*kujaašeta
*kujaašete
*kujivě
*kujita
—
Plural
*kujaaxomъ
*kujaašete
*kujaaxǫ
*kujimъ
*kujite
—
East Slavic:
Old East Slavic: ковати ( kovati )
Old Novgorodian: кова́ти ( kováti )
South Slavic:
West Slavic:
Old Czech: kovati
Old Polish: kować
Pomeranian:
Old Slovak:
Sorbian:
Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993 ) “кова́ть ”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language ] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима) , Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN , page 407
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973 ) “кова́ть ”, in Oleg Trubachyov , transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language ] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Trubachyov, Oleg , editor (1985 ), “*kovati ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages ] (in Russian), numbers 12 (*koulъkъ – *kroma/*kromъ ), Moscow: Nauka, page 10
Miguel Villanueva Svensson (2011 ) “The accentuation of the infinitive type Latv. kal̃t, Sl. *kőlti and the development of Indo-European molō-presents in Balto-Slavic ”, in Baltistica , →ISSN , page 311
^ Derksen, Rick (2008 ) “*kovàti ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN , →ISSN , page 241 : “v. (c) ‘forge’ ”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001 ) “kovati: kujǫ kujetь”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List [1] , Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c (SA 204, 212, 214, 236; PR 139) ”