Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vidla

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Probably originally plural form of **vidlo, from *viti (“to bend, twist”) +‎ *-dlo

Noun

*vidla f

1. pitchfork

Declension

Declension of *vidla (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*vidla	*vidlě	*vidly
Accusative	*vidlǫ	*vidlě	*vidly
Genitive	*vidly	*vidlu	*vidlъ
Locative	*vidlě	*vidlu	*vidlasъ, *vidlaxъ*
Dative	*vidlě	*vidlama	*vidlamъ
Instrumental	*vidlojǫ, *vidlǫ**	*vidlama	*vidlami
Vocative	*vidlo	*vidlě	*vidly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

See also

• *motovidlo, *motovidla

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: вила (vila)
    • Belarusian: ві́ла (víla), ві́лы pl (víly), відэ́лец (vidéljec, “fork”), ві́лка (vílka, “fork”)
    • Russian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лы pl (víly), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
    • Ukrainian: ви́ла (výla), ви́лка (výlka, “fork”), виде́лка (vydélka, “fork”)
  • Old Novgorodian: вигла (vigla)
    • → Estonian: vigl
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: ви́ла f (víla), ви́лица (vílica, “fork”), ви́лка (vílka, “fork”)
  • Macedonian: вила (vila), вилушка (viluška, “fork”)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic: ви̏ле̄ pl, виљушка (“fork”), ви̏лица (“fork”)

    Latin: vȉlē pl, viljuška (“fork”), vȉlica (“fork”)

  • Slovene: víle, vílice pl (“fork”) (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: vidle pl, vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
  • Kashubian: widłë pl
  • Polish: widły pl, widelec (“fork”)
  • Slovak: vidly pl, vidlička (“fork”)
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: widły pl, widlički pl (“fork”)
    • Lower Sorbian: widły pl, widlicki pl (“fork”)

References

• Vasmer, Max, “вила”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language]‎^[1] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Oleg Trubačóv, Moscow: Progress, 1964–1973
• Černyx, P. Ja., “вилы”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, 1999, page 151
• Martynov V. V., Язык в пространстве и времени: к проблеме глоттогенеза славян, Moscow: Nauka, 1983, page 84
• Trubačev O. N., Ремесленная терминология в славянских языках: этимология и опыт групповой реконструкции, Moscow: Nauka, 1966, page 111