Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kum

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic edit

Noun edit

*kum

sand
Synonym: *kạyïr

Declension edit

Declension of *kum

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kum
Accusative	kumnï, kumug ⁴⁾, *kumnïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*kumnïŋ
Dative	*kumka
Locative	*kumda
Ablative	*kumdan
Allative	*kumgaru
Instrumental ²⁾	*kumun
Equative ²⁾	*kumča
Similative ²⁾	*kumlayu
Comitative ²⁾	*kumlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants edit

Oghur:
- Chuvash: [script needed] (ҳъʷm)

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qum
  - Ottoman Turkish:
    - Gagauz: qum
    - Turkish: kum
- Salar: gum
- Turkmen: gum
Kipchak:
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qum
  - Karachay-Balkar: къум (qum)
  - Kumyk: qum (qum)
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡом (qom)
  - Tatar: qum
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: құм (qūm)
  - Karakalpak: qum
  - Nogai: кум (kum)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: кум (kum)
  - Southern Altai: кум (kum) , кумак (kumak)
Karluk:
- West:
  - Uzbek: qum
- East:
  - Karakhanid: [script needed] (qum)
    - Uyghur: قۇم (qum)
Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Dolgan: кумак (kumak)
  - Yakut: кумах (kumaq)
- South Siberian:
  - Old Turkic:
    - Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qum)
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: кум (kum)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: хум (xum)
    - Shor: қум (qum)
  - Northern Altai: кубак (kubak) (Kumandy), кум (kum) (Chelkan)
  - Western Yugur: qum

→ Hungarian: homok
→ Chechen: гӏум (ğum)
→ Dargwa: гъум (γum)
→ Khinalug: къум (qːum)
→ Lezgi: къум (q̄um)
→ Tabasaran: къум (q̄um); гъум (ġum)
→ Udi: къум (q̇um)
→ Northern Kurdish: qûm

References edit

Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kum”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill