Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kömür

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From *köń- (“to burn”) +‎ *-mür, however there have previously been attempts at deriving it from *köm- (“to bury”) +‎ *-mür, which is semantically dubious.

Noun

*kömür

1. coal

Declension

Declension of *kömür

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kömür
Accusative	*kömürni, *kömürüg 4), *kömürnig 1)
Genitive	*kömürniŋ
Dative	*kömürke
Locative	*kömürte
Ablative	*kömürten
Allative	*kömürgerü
Instrumental 2)	*kömürün
Equative 2)	*kömürče
Similative 2)	*kömürleyü
Comitative 2)	*kömürlügü

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• Oghur:
  • ⇒ Chuvash: кӑмрӑк (kămrăk)
• Common Turkic: *kömür

• Oghuz:
  • West Oghuz:
    • Old Anatolian Turkish:
      • Azerbaijani: kömür
      • Ottoman Turkish: كومور (kömür)
        • Gagauz: kömür
        • Turkish: kömür
        • → Albanian: qymyr
        • → Armenian: քյոմուր (kʻyomur)
        • → Bulgarian: кюмю́р (kjumjúr)
        • → Macedonian: ќумур (ḱumur)
        • → Serbo-Croatian: ćùmur / ћу̀мур
  • East Oghuz:
    • Salar: gömür
    • Turkmen: kömür
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: [script needed] (kömür)
    • ⇒ Karakhanid: کُمُرْلُكْ (kömürlük, “trees harvested for charcoal; where charcoal is stored”)
    • Uzbek: koʻmir
    • Uyghur: كۆمۈر (kömür)
• Kipchak:
  • Old Kipchak:
    • Armeno-Kipchak: comur (Codex Cumanicus)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [script needed] (kömür)
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: күмер (kümer)
    • Tatar: күмер (kümer)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Kumyk: кёмюр (kömür)
    • Karachay-Balkar: кёмюр (kömür)
    • Crimean Tatar: kömür
  • East Kipchak:
    • Southern Altai: кӧмӱр (kömür)
    • Kyrgyz: көмүр (kömür)
  • South Kipchak:
    • Nogai: коьмир (kömir)
    • Karakalpak: көмир
    • Kazakh: көмір (kömır)
• Siberian:
  • ⇒ Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰢𐰼𐱃𐰍 (kömürtaɣ, “a mountain between Ötüken and the Karakum desert”)
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (kömür)
    • Western Yugur: kʰemïr
    • North Siberian
      • Dolgan: көмөр
      • Yakut: көмөр (kömör)
    • South Siberian:
      • Sayan Turkic:
        • Tuvan: хөмүр (xömür)
      • Yenisei Turkic:
        • Khakas: кӧмір
        • Shor: кӧбӱр
      • Northern Altai: кӧбӱр (köbür), кӧбир (köbir)

See also

Minerals in Proto-Turkic
Stone	stone: *tiāĺ	Iron	iron: *temür	Silver	silver: *kümüĺ
Gold	gold: *altun	Strawberry	copper: *bakïr	Chalk	chalk or earth: *bōr
Coal	coal: *kömür	Salt	salt: *tūŕ	Lead	lead: *korguĺčïn

References

• al-Kashgarî, Mahmud (1072–1074) Besim Atalay, transl., Divanü Lûgat-it-Türk Tercümesi [Translation of the “Compendium of the languages of the Turks”] (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları; 521) (in Turkish), 1985 edition, volume I, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurmu Basımevi, published 1939–1943, page 24
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kömür”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 723
• Erdal, Marcel (1991) Old Turkic Word Formation‎^[2], volume I, Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 390
• Eren, Hasan (1999) “kömür”, in Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish), Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi, page 256
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kömür”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (1997) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume V, Moscow: Jazyki russkoj kulʹtury, pages 102-103
• Räsänen, Martti (1969) Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen (in German), Helsinki: Suomalais-ugrilainen seura, page 289
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*kömür”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎^[3], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Tenišev E. R., editor (1984–2006), Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages:] (in Russian), Moscow: Nauka, page 365