Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kopuŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

• *komuŕ (Some authorities reconstruct *komuŕ as a separate root meaning "music" that was later merged in the descendant languages)

Noun

*kopuŕ

1. a kind of lute

Declension

Declension of *kopuŕ

	Singular 3)
Nominative	*kopuŕ
Accusative	*kopuŕnï, *kopuŕug 4), *kopuŕnïg 1)
Genitive	*kopuŕnïŋ
Dative	*kopuŕka
Locative	*kopuŕta
Ablative	*kopuŕtan
Allative	*kopuŕgaru
Instrumental 2)	*kopuŕun
Equative 2)	*kopuŕča
Similative 2)	*kopuŕlayu
Comitative 2)	*kopuŕlugu

¹⁾ Possibly in Pre-Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.
⁴⁾ Found in the Old Turkic era.

Descendants

• →? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)
• →? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
  • Middle Mongol: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
  • Buryat: хуур (xuur)
  • Daur: koor
  • East Yugur: xuur
  • Kalmyk: хуур (xuur), хур (xur)
  • Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
    • Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
    • → Chinese: 胡兀兒／胡兀儿 (húwù'ér)
  • → Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
  • →? Jurchen: qūr
  • →⇒ Persian: قهورچی (qohurči, “fiddler”) (obsolete, from *quxurci)
• Common Turkic:

• Oghuz:
  • Old Anatolian Turkish:
    • Azerbaijani: qopuz
    • Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)
      • Turkish: kopuz
  • Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)
• Karluk:
  • Karakhanid: قُبُز (qopuz)
    • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)
      • Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)
        • Uyghur: قوۋۇز (qowuz)
        • Uzbek: qoʻbiz
• Kipchak:
  • Cuman:
    • → Hungarian: koboz
  • North Kipchak:
    • Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıź), ҡубыҙ (qubıź)
    • Tatar: кубыз (qubız)
      • → Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)
      • → Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)
  • West Kipchak:
    • Crimean Tatar: qomuz
    • Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)
    • Karaim: qobuz
    • Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)
    • Urum: хобуз
  • South Kipchak:
    • Caspian:
      • Karakalpak: qobız
      • Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)
      • Nogai: кобыз (kobız)
    • Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
      • Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)
        • → English: komuz
      • Southern Altai: комус (komus)
• Siberian:
  • Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)
    • Western Yugur: qoŋïs
  • North Siberian:
    • Yakut: хомус (qomus)
      • → Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)
  • South Siberian:
    • Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)
    • Sayan Turkic:
      • Tofa: һобус (“music”)
      • Tuvan: хомус (xomus)
• → Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)
• East Slavic:
  • → Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)
  • → Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)
  • → Carpathian Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)
  • → Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)
    • → English: kobza
    • → Polish: kobza
    • → Romanian: cobză
      • → English: cobza
    • → Slovak: kobza
• → Persian: قوبوز (qôbuz)
• → Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1546, page 535
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kopuz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 588
• Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, page 68
• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kopuŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “купӑс / копӑс”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume I, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, page 309