Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kopuŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

*komuŕ (some scholars reconstruct *komuŕ as a separate lemma meaning “music” that later merged with *kopuŕ in the descendant languages)

Noun

*kopuŕ

a kind of lute

Declension

Declension of *kopuŕ
	singular ³⁾
nominative	*kopuŕ
accusative	kopuŕug, kopuŕnï¹⁾
genitive	*kopuŕnuŋ
dative	*kopuŕka
locative	*kopuŕta
ablative	*kopuŕtan
allative	*kopuŕgaru
instrumental ²⁾	*kopuŕun
equative ²⁾	*kopuŕča
similative ²⁾	*kopuŕlayu
comitative ²⁾	*kopuŕlugu

¹⁾ Originally used only in pronominal declension.
²⁾ The original instrumental, equative, similative, and comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality in Proto-Turkic is disputed. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page on Wikibooks.

Descendants

→? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)
→? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
- Middle Mongol: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
- Buryat: хуур (xuur)
- Daur: koor
- East Yugur: xuur
- Kalmyk: хуур (xuur), хур (xur)
- Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
  - Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
  - → Chinese: 胡兀兒 / 胡兀儿 (húwù'ér)
- → Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
- →? Jurchen: qūr
- →⇒ Persian: قهورچی (qohurči, “fiddler”) (obsolete, from *quxurci)
Proto-Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qopuz
  - Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)
    - Turkish: kopuz
- Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قُبُز (qopuz)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)
    - Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)
      - Uyghur: قوۋۇز (qowuz)
      - Uzbek: qoʻbiz
Kipchak:
- Cuman:
  - → Hungarian: koboz
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıź), ҡубыҙ (qubıź)
  - Tatar: кубыз (qubız)
    - → Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)
    - → Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qomuz
  - Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)
  - Karaim: qobuz
  - Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)
  - Urum: хобуз
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: qobız
    - Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)
    - Nogai: кобыз (kobız)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)
      - → English: komuz
    - Southern Altai: комус (komus)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)
  - Western Yugur: qoŋïs
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: хомус (qomus)
    - → Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)
- South Siberian:
  - Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: һобус (“music”)
    - Tuvan: хомус (xomus)
→ Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)
East Slavic:
- → Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Carpathian Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)
  - → English: kobza
  - → Polish: kobza
  - → Romanian: cobză
    - → English: cobza
  - → Slovak: kobza
→ Persian: قوبوز (qôbuz)
→ Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)

References

Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎^[1] (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1546, page 535
Clauson, Gerard (1972) “kopuz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 588
Levitskaja, L. S., Dybo, A. V., Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, page 68
Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Kopuŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
Fedotov, M. R. (1996) “купӑс / копӑс”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume I, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, page 309