Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/gram(i)

This Proto-West Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *gramaz.

Adjective

*gram(i)

angry, hostile

Inflection

a-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*gram
Genitive	*gramas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*gram	*gramu	*gram
Accusative	*gramanā	*gramā	*gram
Genitive	*gramas	*grameʀā	*gramas
Dative	*gramumē	*grameʀē	*gramumē
Instrumental	*gramu	*grameʀu	*gramu
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*gramē	*gramō	*gramu
Accusative	*gramā	*gramā	*gramu
Genitive	*grameʀō	*grameʀō	*grameʀō
Dative	gramēm, gramum	gramēm, gramum	gramēm, gramum
Instrumental	gramēm, gramum	gramēm, gramum	gramēm, gramum

ja-stem
Singular	Masculine
Nominative	*grami
Genitive	*grammjas
Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*grami	*grammju	*grami
Accusative	*grammjanā	*grammjā	*grami
Genitive	*grammjas	*grammjeʀā	*grammjas
Dative	*grammjumē	*grammjeʀē	*grammjumē
Instrumental	*grammju	*grammjeʀu	*grammju
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*grammjē	*grammjō	*grammju
Accusative	*grammjā	*grammjā	*grammju
Genitive	*grammjeʀō	*grammjeʀō	*grammjeʀō
Dative	grammjēm, grammjum	grammjēm, grammjum	grammjēm, grammjum
Instrumental	grammjēm, grammjum	grammjēm, grammjum	grammjēm, grammjum

Descendants

Old English: gram
- Middle English: gram
  - English: gram
Old Saxon: gram
- Middle Low German: gram
Old Dutch: *gram
- Middle Dutch: gram
  - Dutch: gram
Old High German: gremi, gram
- Middle High German: gram
  - German: gram
→ Old French: graim
- Old French: graigne
  - Old French: graignier, greignier
    - Old Northern French: chagreiner, chagraigner
      - Old French: chagrin
        Middle French: chagrin
        French: chagrin
        → English: chagrin
    - Old French: grigner
      - Middle French: chagrigner
        French: chagriner